Canada: 1913 71 n13 europe: pre 1913 n14 europe: 1913 71 n15 asia including middle east n16 latin america caribbean n17 africa oceania n2 financial markets and institutions n20 general, international, or comparative n21 u.s. Canada: 1913 71 n23 europe: pre 1913 n24 europe: 1913 71 n25 asia including middle east n26 latin america caribbean n27 africa oceania n3 labor, demography, education, income, and wealth n30 general, international, or comparative n31 u.s. Canada: 1913 71 n33 europe: pre 1913 n34 europe: 1913 71 n35 asia including middle east n36 latin america caribbean n37 africa oceania n4 government, war, law, and regulation n40 general, international, or comparative n41 u.s. Canada: 1913 71 n43 europe: pre 1913 n44 europe: 1913 71 n45 asia including middle east n46 latin america caribbean n47 africa oceania n5 agriculture, natural resources, environment, and extractive industries n50 general, international, or comparative n51 u.s.

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Canada: 1913 71 n53 europe: pre 1913 n54 europe: 1913 71 n55 asia including middle east n56 latin america caribbean n57 africa oceania n6 manufacturing and construction n60 general, international, or comparative n61 u.s. Canada: 1913 71 n63 europe: pre 1913 n64 europe: 1913 71 n65 asia including middle east n66 latin america caribbean n67 africa oceania n7 transport, international and domestic trade, energy, and other services n70 general, international, or comparative n71 u.s. Canada: 1913 71 n73 europe: pre 1913 n74 europe: 1913 71 n75 asia including middle east n76 latin america caribbean n77 africa oceania n8 micro business history n80 general, international, or comparative n81 u.s. Such topics could include risk management tools and techniques in physical and electronic securities markets, research trends in advance finance, corporate finance or investments analysis and government debt management. Financial risk management covers econometric and mathematical tools and methodologies a business entity uses to assess, value and monitor financial risks in capital markets activities.

Market risk arises from security price fluctuations, and is calculated by tools such as var value at risk , monte carlo simulation and stress testing. Credit risk originates from counter party or business partner defaults, and is computed by internal models. Capital markets are securities exchanges where investors buy, hold or sell a variety of financial products. A capital market helps a business entity raise financing by selling stocks or bonds to fund short or long term investment goals, operating commitments and major expansion programs such as mergers or acquisitions. Capital markets could be physically identifiable such as new york stock exchange or electronic trading platforms such as otc over the counter markets. A financial institution is a firm that engages primarily in lending, trading, investing or advisory activities on behalf of clients or for the firm's own benefit.

A financial firm could be a bank, a hedge fund, a mutual fund or an insurance company. A financial institution is usually regulated by government entities, central banks and industry overseers. Research analysts and investment bankers aid institutional investors in exploring and investing in emerging markets. Emerging markets are international financial markets or countries that haven't reached a development status similar to japan and the u.s. Financial experts group the four major emerging markets under the acronym of bric: brazil, russia, india and china.

According to bloomberg news, some economists predicted in 2014 that china would soon surpass the economy of more established markets and outpace the u.s. Corporate finance evaluates a business entity's financial data, analyzes short or long term investment needs and working capital trends. Corporate finance also focuses on identifying proper capital structure models for a company. Working capital is a measure of short term cash availability, and equals current assets minus current liabilities. Capital structure models indicate how an organization funds it operations, and could include equity, debt and internal funds also called retained earnings. Public debt management helps a government entity understand financial needs or operating commitments and find funding sources to balance annual budgets.

A governmental body such as a federal or a state entity derives its revenues primarily from taxes, and spends such revenues on various public programs and employee compensation. A government may acquire financing by issuing debt products on securities exchanges. Bangladesh has a very limited stock of known mineral resources only natural gas is being extracted commercially , and the economy is heavily dependent on small scale agriculture. Agriculture accounts for about 40 per cent of bangladesh's gdp and about 60 per cent of employment. Landless small farmers and as well as urban informal groups constitute 50 per cent of bangladesh's population.

Fifty three per cent of rural population are virtually landless and the result of that a very large percentage of urban population live in slums. For example 30 per cent of the population about 2 million in dhaka live in more than 1500 slums and squatter settlements, where density of settlements is over 6178 persons per hectare and per capita living space available is lower than one square meter. The settlements live without open space, streets, water, gas and electricity, water, sanitation and sewerage facilities. Since these settlements are illegal the government or international aid agencies have hardly any project to improve living quality of the poorest population of the country. Like many other cities of the developing countries the population of dhaka city increased by almost 200 per cent in seven years 1974 81 due to the increasing developments of landless peasants. The present economic development increasingly widens the gap between the poor and the rich. The limited agricultural land does not allow any further expansion along with the fast expanding population of working age.

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In view of this problem the government of bangladesh is planning for a rapid increase in industry, commerce and services 55.7 per cent of gdp. At present industrial manufacturing accounts for about 10 per cent of gdp in bangladesh and 10 per cent of total employment, and contributes about three quarters of total merchandise exports. The earliest industries in bangladesh were based primarily on agricultural products like jute, sugarcane, tobacco, forest raw materials, and hides and skins. During the mid sixties a modern industrial base emerged as heavy industries like steel, machine tools, electric machines, diesel plants, refineries, pharmaceutical plants and other chemical industries were set up. From 1985 to 1990 the industrial sector achieved an average annual rate of growth of 4.02 per cent.

In recent years, the major source of industrial growth has been in textiles, with ready made garment manufacture expanding from insignificance in the 1970s to the leading export earner today. Leather tanning and brackish water shrimp farming have also expanded rapidly and are expected to grow further. With the increase of unplanned and socially and environmentally degraded industries bangladesh poses a new challenge.