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Before any action described below is taken, and if nbyte is zero and the file is a regular file, the write function may detect and return errors as described below. In the absence of errors, or if error detection is not performed, the write function shall return zero and have no other results. If nbyte is zero and the file is not a regular file, the results are unspecified. On a regular file or other file capable of seeking, the actual writing of data shall proceed from the position in the file indicated by the file offset associated with fildes. Before successful return from write , the file offset shall be incremented by the number of bytes actually written. On a regular file, if this incremented file offset is greater than the length of the file, the length of the file shall be set to this file offset. On a file not capable of seeking, writing shall always take place starting at the current position.

If the o_append flag of the file status flags is set, the file offset shall be set to the end of the file prior to each write and no intervening file modification operation shall occur between changing the file offset and the write operation. If a write requests that more bytes be written than there is room for for example, xsi the process' file size limit or the physical end of a medium , only as many bytes as there is room for shall be written. For example, suppose there is space for 20 bytes more in a file before reaching a limit. The next write of a non zero number of bytes would give a failure return except as noted below. Xsi if the request would cause the file size to exceed the soft file size limit for the process and there is no room for any bytes to be written, the request shall fail and the implementation shall generate the sigxfsz signal for the thread. If write is interrupted by a signal before it writes any data, it shall return 1 with errno set to eintr. If write is interrupted by a signal after it successfully writes some data, it shall return the number of bytes written.

If the value of nbyte is greater than , the result is implementation defined. After a write to a regular file has successfully returned: any successful read from each byte position in the file that was modified by that write shall return the data specified by the write for that position until such byte positions are again modified. Any subsequent successful write to the same byte position in the file shall overwrite that file data. Write requests to a pipe or fifo shall be handled in the same way as a regular file with the following exceptions: there is no file offset associated with a pipe, hence each write request shall append to the end of the pipe. Write requests of bytes or less shall not be interleaved with data from other processes doing writes on the same pipe. Writes of greater than bytes may have data interleaved, on arbitrary boundaries, with writes by other processes, whether or not the o_nonblock flag of the file status flags is set. If the o_nonblock flag is clear, a write request may cause the thread to block, but on normal completion it shall return nbyte.

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If the o_nonblock flag is set, write requests shall be handled differently, in the following ways: the write function shall not block the thread. A write request for or fewer bytes shall have the following effect: if there is sufficient space available in the pipe, write shall transfer all the data and return the number of bytes requested. Otherwise, write shall transfer no data and return 1 with errno set to eagain.

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A write request for more than bytes shall cause one of the following: when at least one byte can be written, transfer what it can and return the number of bytes written. When all data previously written to the pipe is read, it shall transfer at least bytes. When no data can be written, transfer no data, and return 1 with errno set to eagain.

When attempting to write to a file descriptor other than a pipe or fifo that supports non blocking writes and cannot accept the data immediately: if the o_nonblock flag is clear, write shall block the calling thread until the data can be accepted. If some data can be written without blocking the thread, write shall write what it can and return the number of bytes written. Upon successful completion, where nbyte is greater than 0, write shall mark for update the st_ctime and st_mtime fields of the file, and if the file is a regular file, the s_isuid and s_isgid bits of the file mode may be cleared. For regular files, no data transfer shall occur past the offset maximum established in the open file description associated with fildes. If fildes refers to a socket, write shall be equivalent to send with no flags set. Sio if the o_dsync bit has been set, write i/o operations on the file descriptor shall complete as defined by synchronized i/o data integrity completion.

If the o_sync bit has been set, write i/o operations on the file descriptor shall complete as defined by synchronized i/o file integrity completion. Shm if fildes refers to a shared memory object, the result of the write function is unspecified. Tym if fildes refers to a typed memory object, the result of the write function is unspecified. Xsr if fildes refers to a stream, the operation of write shall be determined by the values of the minimum and maximum nbyte range packet size accepted by the stream. If nbyte falls within the packet size range, nbyte bytes shall be written.

If nbyte does not fall within the range and the minimum packet size value is 0, write shall break the buffer into maximum packet size segments prior to sending the data downstream the last segment may contain less than the maximum packet size. If nbyte does not fall within the range and the minimum value is non zero, write shall fail with errno set to erange. Writing a zero length buffer nbyte is 0 to a streams device sends 0 bytes with 0 returned. However, writing a zero length buffer to a streams based pipe or fifo sends no message and 0 is returned.

The process may issue i_swropt ioctl to enable zero length messages to be sent across the pipe or fifo. When writing to a stream that is not a pipe or fifo: if o_nonblock is clear, and the stream cannot accept data the stream write queue is full due to internal flow control conditions , write shall block until data can be accepted. If o_nonblock is set and the stream cannot accept data, write shall return 1 and set errno to eagain. If o_nonblock is set and part of the buffer has been written while a condition in which the stream cannot accept additional data occurs, write shall terminate and return the number of bytes written. In addition, write shall fail if the stream head has processed an asynchronous error before the call. In this case, the value of errno does not reflect the result of write , but reflects the prior error.