guidelines for writing a scientific research paper. scientific research has no value to society unless it is communicated to others. Much scientific information is transmitted through correspondences among scientists and talks given at meetings, but the longest lasting and most accessible form of scientific research occurs when a paper is written and published. The most important thing to remember is to write as clearly as possible to communicate your ideas and results to the reader.

You may have read poorly written published scientific papers, but that is, of course, not the goal. An international journal of avian biology a.pdf version of one of my publications. parts of the paper: when reading a paper, the reader may be primarily interested in the methods used, the results obtained, or the implications of these results. Therefore, it is convenient to have this material in proper sub sections of the paper. title: your title should give as much information as to what the paper is about without being too long about 12 words max. authors: authorship is an important recognition of individuals’ contributions to the design, analysis and performance of the experiment. The order of authorship generally indicates the amount of contribution to the project the first author is the primary author.

abstract: in a short paragraph, you should summarize the objectives of the study, briefly indicate the methods employed, the results, and your conclusions. introduction: here you should explain the purpose of your experiment or study. What has been investigated, what has been found, what needs to be determined? be sure to properly cite other papers. methods and materials: describe your study in enough detail that the reader could replicate it. State, county, and specific location when day, month and year and what you did. results: clearly state all results obtained and include the statistical significance of the results. Tables and figures can not stand alone and you must explain these in the text of your paper.

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You should explain your thinking clearly to convince the reader of your conclusions. How do your results and conclusions fit in with other studies that have been conducted? literature cited: in the text, when you mention another author’s work or your own previously published work , cite that author at the end of the sentence and give the year of publication in parentheses porneluzi 1997. 1996 and if the sentence refers to several papers, list them in order from oldest to most recent smith and wesson 1994, porneluzi 1997. You may also use the author’s last name in the sentence and just put the year in parentheses. In the literature cited section, list the works cited in alphabetical order as follows: porneluzi, p. Reproductive performance of territorial ovenbirds occupying forest fragments and a contiguous forest in pennsylvania. additional tips: w hen you write about scientific topics to specialists in a particular scientific field, we call that scientific writing.

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When you write to non specialists about scientific topics, we call that science writing. T he scientific paper has developed over the past three centuries into a tool to communicate the results of scientific inquiry. The purpose of these papers is twofold: to present information so that it is easy to retrieve, and to present enough information that the reader can duplicate the scientific study. A standard format with six main part helps readers to find expected information and analysis: title subject and what aspect of the subject was studied. Many people, however, find that drafting chunks in this order works best: results, discussion, introduction, materials amp methods, abstract, and, finally, title.

As a scientist, you are expected to share your research work with others in various forms. Probably the most demanding of these forms is the paper published in a scientific journal. Such papers have high standards of quality, and they are formally disseminated and archived. Therefore, they constitute valuable, lasting references for other scientists and for you, too.

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In fact, the number of papers you publish and their importance as suggested by their impact factor are often viewed as a reflection of your scientific achievements. As you may have noticed, however, many scientific papers fail to usefully communicate research work to their audience. They focus on the authors instead of on the readers by failing to clarify the motivation for the work or by including unnecessary details.

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As a result, they are interesting to or understandable by only a small set of highly specialized readers. Effective scientific papers, in contrast, are interesting and useful to many readers, including newcomers to the field. In particular, it will help you select and organize your content, draft your paper, and revise your writing so that your final paper is useful to a broad audience not just a few specialists. this page is meant to assemble some information and guidelines that students may consult about writing papers. Comments are welcome. you will be called upon to write papers for much of your professional life. The papers using the term broadly may be as diverse as term papers, qualifier papers, theses, research papers, surveys, white papers, business plans, and design outlines.

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The remarks below are mostly geared toward the first several more academic categories, but some of the remarks would apply to any professional writing that you do. Writing a paper should not be viewed as a chore, but as an opportunity to organize your thoughts. Often, organizing your thoughts even if about well known topics is a good service.