what is 'academic writing'? enga14 finnish institutions research paper hopkins the focus of the enga14 research paper is academic writing in english. But what exactly is academic writing ? note that in english, academic writing is what finnish often refers to as tieteellinen 'scientific' writing the english scientific writing generally refers to writing in the 'hard' sciences, such as biology and chemistry see for example the science of scientific writing pdf. In brief, academic writing is 'structured research' written by 'scholars' for other scholars with all university writers being 'scholars' in this context. Academic writing addresses topic based 'research questions' of interest to anyone who is seeking factually based, objectively presented information on a particular topic. The objective of academic writing is the presentation of 'new knowledge' via a a review of what is currently known about a given topic as b the foundation for the author's new views or perspectives on the topic. In the case of fin 1, the topics would all be relevant to current or historical finnish institutions. With the topic, students must define one or more research questions concerning the chosen institution that the paper will address.

The resulting paper will help readers understand the topic more fully, or in a new way, on the basis of how the author has treated the topic, in particular through the answer s given to the research question s. See for example writing games taarluoto 2007 and in search of the essence of clay kortelainen 2008 , vs. In academic writing, the author covers the selected topic from an authoritative point of view.

The writing is 'thesis driven', meaning that the starting point is a particular perspective, idea or 'thesis' on the chosen topic, e.g. Establishing, proving or disproving 'answers' to the 'research questions' posed for the topic. In contrast, simply describing a topic without the questions does not qualify as academic writing.

Defining a research question requires the student to first consult existing information on the topic. How the topic may be understood more fully or differently from what is currently known. The author's perspective may come from the use of a more extensive or b more up to date sources than had been available to previous scholars, or by c interpreting the details of these sources differently from how other scholars have done. Totally new information may also be created to 'test' or 'confirm' questions arising in the paper.

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For enga14 papers, the creation of such new information would be via the optional independent research component. In short, academic papers distinguish between what is known about a topic via the review of existing sources on the topic with what new ideas may emerge, or be thought or questioned about the topic, via the explication of the research question using the author's logically developed, factually based 'argumentation'. However, these new ideas will only be established as fact in their own right thus joining the body of 'existing knowledge on the topic' after the ideas have been published in the paper and subsequently validated by other 'scholars'. The basic stylistic conventions of the enga14 paper have been covered in enga13/trenak2 basic english professional writing. The key points, which are common to any unambiguous formal writing for an international english language audience, include:
writing in the third person.

Academic writing must be objective the focus is not on the writer, but on the topic and ideas of the paper avoiding abbreviations and slang, both of which may be highly culture specific. The focus is clear, formal register language which will be unambiguous regardless of the variety of english used by the paper's international readership. Similarly, one should also write out numbers, currency designators, units of measurement, etc.
an additional characteristic of academic writing is the use of relatively cautious or 'qualified' language, especially when documenting claims of new knowledge. Inasmuch as the evidence of the paper can only be based on what is currently known about the topic, this evidence may well change as new knowledge emerges indeed, the new knowledge proposed by your paper will change what has been known about the topic before you wrote your paper. Thus, since the 'knowledge' will never be completely certain, it is useful to express claims with language such as: this report appears to show that.

These two writers thus have views which differ from present textbooks on finnish history, as represented by alanen, nenonen and salminen. See the language style appendix for further examples research papers usually are structured similarly to the imrad format. Though in the humanities this format is normally not followed specifically, and for the finnish institutions research paper only a subset of the full imrad structure will be used. However, it would be useful to briefly review the imrad structure insight into how one's b.a. Thesis might be differently structured, or even as background for the optional 'independent research component' that students may include in their fin 1 papers. In the process of thinking about your topic, your aim is to come up with a fresh observation. However, adding something of your own is not just bringing personal associations, reactions, or experiences into the text.

To create an informed argument, your writing must be analytical rather than personal, with all associations, reactions, and experiences framed in an objectively critical manner. Students often find it difficult to define an appropriate topic, even if they have an idea of the general subject they wish to write about. So let me start with the good characteristics of this food and further we will see it from all the sights. For the first it delicious and of course fast you need not waste a time for cooking.

Because of it a lot of people think, that it is a perfect way to give up cooking, but we must not forget, that fast food also can harm our health, dew to it high food concentrate which has a lot of harmful additions. As for me, i sometimes eat fast food, but i try to give up eating such products as coca cola, crisps and hamburgers. I would not deny and say such words, that i will never eat fast food, because i am a student and i lead active life and unfortunately sometimes i just even have to eat it, because it helps me not to waste a lot of time and it is not so expensive. Of course, i think about the bad sides of fast food, but what can i do if the forbidden things are delicious. It's true that fast food is usually high in fat, calories, cholesterol, and sodium, but eating fast food every once in a while is not going to cause you problems.

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