A good introduction is vital in attracting a reader’s attention to your essay. For argument essays, the introduction must orient readers to the subject being argued. The classroom » school subjects » how to write a good argumentative essay introduction how to write a good argumentative essay introduction by nadia archuleta. Writing an argumentative essay is different from having a verbal argument, because with an essay you can plan and organize your thoughts. How do you write a good argumentative essay? introduction to the videos on this topic. Section 9: how to write a good argumentative essay writing introductions to argumentative essays you.

A hyperlinked history of climate change science to a patient scientist, the unfolding greenhouse mystery is far more exciting than the plot of the best mystery novel. But it is slow reading, with new clues sometimes not appearing for several years. Impatience increases when one realizes that it is not the fate of some fictional character, but of our planet and species, which hangs in the balance as the great carbon mystery unfolds at a seemingly glacial pace. It is an epic story: the struggle of thousands of men and women over the course of a century for very high stakes. For some, the work required actual physical courage, a risk to life and limb in icy wastes or on the high seas.

They gambled decades of arduous effort on the chance of a useful discovery, and staked their reputations on what they claimed to have found. Even as they stretched their minds to the limit on intellectual problems that often proved insoluble, their attention was diverted into grueling administrative struggles to win minimal support for the great work. A few took the battle into the public arena, often getting more blame than praise most labored to the end of their lives in obscurity. The scientists who labored to understand the earth's climate discovered that many factors influence it. The scientific research itself was shaped by many influences, from popular misconceptions to government funding, all happening at once. A traditional history would try to squeeze the story into a linear text, one event following another like beads on a string.

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Yet for this sort of subject we need total history, including all the players 151 mathematicians and biologists, lab technicians and government bureaucrats, industrialists and politicians, newspaper reporters and the ordinary citizen. In your head you are putting together a rounded representation, even if you don't take the time to inspect every cranny. This and all other files are available in a printable format but you'll miss the hyperlinks and the most recent updates. the story in a nutshell: people have long suspected that human activity could change the local climate. For example, ancient greeks and 19th century americans debated how cutting down forests might bring more rainfall to a region, or perhaps less.

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The discovery of ice ages in the distant past proved that climate could change radically over the entire globe, which seemed vastly beyond anything mere humans could provoke. Then what did cause global climate change 151 was it variations in the heat of the sun? volcanoes erupting clouds of smoke? the raising and lowering of mountain ranges, which diverted wind patterns and ocean currents? or could it be changes in the composition of the air itself? in 1896 a swedish scientist published a new idea. As humanity burned fossil fuels such as coal, which added carbon dioxide gas to the earth's atmosphere, we would raise the planet's average temperature. This greenhouse effect was only one of many speculations about climate change, however, and not the most plausible.

Scientists found technical reasons to argue that our emissions could not change the climate. Indeed most thought it was obvious that puny humanity could never affect the vast climate cycles, which were governed by a benign balance of nature. In any case major change seemed impossible except over tens of thousands of years. In the 1930s, people realized that the united states and north atlantic region had warmed significantly during the previous half century. Scientists supposed this was just a phase of some mild natural cycle, with unknown causes. Whatever the cause of warming, everyone thought that if it happened to continue for the next few centuries, so much the better. In the 1950s, callendar's claims provoked a few scientists to look into the question with improved techniques and calculations.

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What made that possible was a sharp increase of government funding, especially from military agencies with cold war concerns about the weather and the seas. The new studies showed that, contrary to earlier crude estimates, carbon dioxide could indeed build up in the atmosphere and should bring warming. Painstaking measurements drove home the point in 1960 by showing that the level of the gas was in fact rising, year by year. Over the next decade a few scientists devised simple mathematical models of the climate, and turned up feedbacks that could make the system surprisingly variable. Others figured out ingenious ways to retrieve past temperatures by studying ancient pollens and fossil shells.

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It appeared that grave climate change could happen, and in the past had happened, within as little as a few centuries. This finding was reinforced by computer models of the general circulation of the atmosphere, the fruit of a long effort to learn how to predict and perhaps even deliberately change the weather. Calculations made in the late 1960s suggested that average temperatures would rise a few degrees within the next century. Groups of scientists that reviewed the calculations found them plausible but saw no need for any policy action, aside from putting more effort into research to find out for sure what was happening. In the early 1970s, the rise of environmentalism raised public doubts about the benefits of human activity for the planet. Alongside the greenhouse effect, some scientists pointed out that human activity was putting dust and smog particles into the atmosphere, where they could block sunlight and cool the world.

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Moreover, analysis of northern hemisphere weather statistics showed that a cooling trend had begun in the 1940s. The mass media to the limited extent they covered the issue were confused, sometimes predicting a balmy globe with coastal areas flooded as the ice caps melted, sometimes warning of the prospect of a catastrophic new ice age. And then elsewhere, began to warn that one or another kind of future climate change might pose a severe threat. The only thing most scientists agreed on was that they scarcely understood the climate system, and much more research was needed.

Research activity did accelerate, including huge data gathering schemes that mobilized international fleets of oceanographic ships and orbiting satellites. Earlier scientists had sought a single master key to climate, but now they were coming to understand that climate is an intricate system responding to a great many influences. Volcanic eruptions and solar variations were still plausible causes of change, and some argued these would swamp any effects of human activities. To the surprise of many, studies of ancient climates showed that astronomical cycles had partly set the timing of the ice ages.

Apparently the climate was so delicately balanced that almost any small perturbation might set off a great shift. According to the new chaos theories, in such a system a shift might even come all by itself 151 and suddenly. Support for the idea came from ice cores arduously drilled from the greenland ice sheet. Greatly improved computer models began to suggest how such jumps could happen, for example through a change in the circulation of ocean currents. However, the modelers had to make many arbitrary assumptions about clouds and the like, and reputable scientists disputed the reliability of the results.

Others pointed out how little was known about the way living ecosystems interact with climate and the atmosphere. They argued, for example, over the effects of agriculture and deforestation in adding or subtracting carbon dioxide from the air. One thing the scientists agreed on was the need for a more coherent research program.