I only list here those reports that were placed in the public domain. where possible i have added links to help the reader find these on the w: the economics of standardization: an update , report for th e department of business, innovation and skills 2010 the economic rationale for a national design policy. Report for department of business, innovation and skills 2010 international standards and trade: a review of the empirical literature. oecd trade policy working paper 2010 the economics of metrology and measurement.

Report for the national measurement office and department of business, innovation and skills 2009 innovators and the research base: an exploration using the 4th community innovation survey. Dius research report 09/10 2009 complementarities between innovation activities: an exploration using cis4. Report for science amp innovation analysis, department of trade and industry june 2007, revised january 2008 universities and business innovation , contribution to dti occasional paper no. Dti july 2006 with daniel birke how do creativity and design enhance business performance?.

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Dti economics paper no.12, london: department of trade and industry june 2005 with p. Report to department of trade and industry: national measurement system directorate november 2003 with b. Tether sourcing science: the use by industry of the science base for innovation. Report to department of trade and industry: innovation, economics, statistics and evaluation division august 2003 engineering economics: a feasibility study.

Report to department of trade and industry: innovation, economics, statistics and evaluation division november 2002 innovative businesses and the science and technology base. Innovation, economics, statistics and evaluation division october 2002 the economics of standardization. Report for department of trade and industry, standards and technical regulations directorate december 20. the list of references for this report are available as a separate file here.

Report for department of trade and industry, national measurement system policy unit may 19. Watts case study of vr application: mist_vr report to dti communications and information industries directorate 1997 with n. Watts case study of vr application: virtual production planner, report to dti communications and information industries directorate 1997 with assistance from a. Dale putting innovation on the curriculum: evaluation of the esrc innovation training materials programme. Report for esrc postgraduate training division march 1997 quality and competitiveness. Report to cabinet office, competitiveness division 1996 the economic value of publicly funded basic research, report to department of trade and industry. Technology and innovation division 1996 memorandum submitted by london business school , published in report of the house of commons science and technology committee, volume i, pp.

1 10, london: hmso 1994 economic analysis of government involvement in inward technology transfer, report to department of trade and industry 1989 with r. Cave an economic appraisal of subscription television, home office february 1986 with m. Evans tying exists when the seller of a product requires his purchasers to take another product as well. Consider the following examples: shoes are sold in pairs hotels sometimes offer breakfast, lunch or dinner tied with the room there is no such a thing as an unbundled car and no self respecting french restaurant would allow its patrons to drink a bottle of wine not coming from its cellar. Bork noted in his famous book, every person who sells anything imposes a tying arrangement.

This is true because every product or service could be broken down into smaller components capable of being sold separately, and every seller refuses at some point to break the product down any further. 1 the other robust statement about tying is that it typically involves both costs and benefits. It may also reduce transaction and information costs for consumers and provide them with increased convenience and variety. The pervasiveness of tying in the economy shows that it is generally beneficial it could not survive in competitive markets if it were not.

This could happen when the tying firm enjoys monopoly power and tying leads to the exclusion of competitors it could not happen when the tying firm lacks significant market power. For a long period of time, competition laws on both sides of the atlantic failed to recognize that tying involves costs and benefits. They have taken a hostile approach towards tying under the assumption that tying agreements serve hardly any purpose beyond the suppression of competition. 2 with the united states supreme court's decision in jefferson parish in 1984, however, the united states law on tying adopted a modified per se illegality rule that recognizes the welfare enhancing effects of tying. Circuit court of appeals, to take the efficiency effects of tying into account, adopted a rule of reason approach to the analysis of tying cases with respect to computer software platforms.

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