The structure of a typical tailed bacteriophage a bacteriophage from 'bacteria ' and greek φᾰγεῖν phagein to eat is any one of a number of viruses that infect bacteria. Typically, bacteriophages consist of an outer protein capsid enclosing genetic material. Or dsdna 'ss ' or 'ds ' prefix denotes single strand or double strand long with either circular or linear arrangement. Phages are estimated to be the most widely distributed and diverse entities in the biosphere.

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2 phages are ubiquitous and can be found in all reservoirs populated by bacterial hosts, such as soil or the intestines of animals. One of the densest natural sources for phages and other viruses is sea water, where up to 9×10 8 virions per milliliter have been found in microbial mats at the surface, 3 and up to 70% of marine bacteria may be infected by phages. 4 they have been used for over 60 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former soviet union and eastern europe. 5 they are seen as a possible therapy against multi drug resistant strains of many bacteria. Bacteriophages.drugs.phagetherapy the present opinion is the result of discussions on the future of phage therapy personalized or large scale uniform therapy? during the first international congress on viruses of microbes, held at the institut pasteur in paris on june 21–25, 2010. Antibiotics are becoming ineffective as important bacterial pathogensevolvetooutsmartthem.yettheantibioticpipeline is running dry with only a few new antibacterial drugs expected to make it to the market in the foreseeable future. Bacteria that are resistant to all available antibacterial drugs, so called superbugs, are emerging worldwide.

Evolutionary ecology might inform practical attempts to bring these pathogens under stronger human control 1. In this context, various laboratories worldwide and a handful of small pharmaceutical companies are turning to bacterio phages 2. They are among the most abundant and ubiquitous lifelike entities on earth and coevolve with their hosts, the bacteria. Lytic phages bind to receptors on the bacterial cell surface, inject their genetic material, use the bacterium’s reproductive machinery to replicate and subsequently destroy lyse the bacterium, irrespective of its resistance to antibiotics, releasing the newly formed phages to seek out new hosts. In 1919, d’herelle used phages to treat dysentery in paris, in what was probably the first attempt to use phages therapeutically. D’herelle eventually developed a commercial laboratory in paris that produced phage preparations against a bacteriophage informally, phage is a virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium. The term is derived from bacteria and the greek, modern 1453 : φαγεῖν phagein , to devour.

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Phages replicate within the bacterium following the injection of their genome into its cytoplasm. 1 phages are widely distributed in locations populated by bacteria l hosts, such as soil or the intestines of animals. One of the densest natural sources for phages and other viruses is sea water, where up to 9×10 8 virions per milliliter have been found in microbial mats at the surface, and up to 70% of marine bacteria may be infected by phages.

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2 they have been used for over 90 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former soviet union and central europe, as well as in france. 3 they are seen as a possible therapy against multi drug resistant strains of many bacteria see phage therapy . Nevertheless, phages of inoviridae have been shown to complicate biofilms involved in pneumonia and cystic fibrosis, shelter the bacteria from drugs meant to eradicate disease and promoting persistent infection.

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4 bacteriophages occur abundantly in the biosphere, with different virions, genomes and lifestyles. Phages are classified by the international committee on taxonomy of viruses ictv according to morphology and nucleic acid. Nineteen families are currently recognized by the ictv that infect bacteria and archaea. Of these, only two families have rna genomes and only five families are enveloped. Eight of the viral families with dna genomes have circular genomes, while nine have linear genomes.