Multiple emulsions are excellent and exciting potential systems for the delivery of useful cosmetic agents. The work describes stability of a multiple emulsion for cosmetic purpose, loaded with extract of camellia sinensis l. The formulation constitutes of cetyl dimethicone copolyol and polyoxyethylene 20 cetyl ether as emulsifiers and was characterised and monitored for various physicochemical aspects. Centrifugation has no devastating effect on physical destabilization/phase separation observed for 30 days.

Mean globule sizes of multiple droplets were found in the range of 10.29 x02009 x0b1 x02009 4.4 x02009 x003bc m to 12.77 x02009 x0b1 x02009 5.1 x02009 x003bc m and of inner droplets were in the range of 0.8 x02009 x0b1 x02009 0.4 x02009 x003bc m to 1.6 x02009 x0b1 x02009 0.8 x02009 x003bc m. The results of the present study indicate that multiple emulsions can be used as carrier of 5% camellia sinensis l. The developed physically and chemically stable system is an effective system for targeting skin layers however, long term stability at elevated temperatures may be needed with suitable modifications, if required. They are made out of at least two nearly immiscible fluids, one being dispersed in the other. The dispersed phase forms droplets, which are surrounded by the continuous phase 2 .

These are characterized by the vesicular structures, where internal and external aqueous phases are separated with oil membranes. Owing to the liquid membrane structures of oil phases, w/o/w emulsions have many potential applications in such diverse fields as pharmaceutics, cosmetics, food, and separation technologies 1 . Due to their unique properties and structures, multiple emulsions are interesting carrier systems for various drug delivery approaches 4 . However, compared with simple emulsions consisting of only two phases, much more destabilization processes need to be taken into consideration for multiple emulsions 5 .

In cosmetics, multiple emulsions are useful when one wishes to prepare sustained release aerosol fragrances, prolonged skin moisturizers and protection of sensitive biologicals, personal care formulations for perfumes, skin lipids, vitamins, and free radical scavengers 6 . Cosmeceuticals are discussed internationally as they contain x0201c bioactives x0201d which, though not medicinal, are gifted with useful and quantifiable attributes. Alternative terms for cosmeceuticals have sprung up performance cosmetics, functional cosmetics, dermaceuticals, and active cosmetics 7 . The current study is projected to develop and characterize a stable cosmetic multiple emulsions loaded with 5% camellia sinensis l. Extract thus, it could be explored for its cosmetic effects in novel carrier systems.

Multiple emulsions were developed using the following chemicals: liquid paraffin x003ae . The lipophilic emulsifier cetyl dimethicone copolyol abil em 90 was kindly provided by franken franken, germany. Polyoxyethylene 20 cetyl ether brij 58 used as hydrophilic emulsifiers and supplied by merck, germany. Mgso₄ x0b7 7h₂ o was used as conductometric tracer in the inner aqueous phase of the primary emulsion. Standardized green tea extract 5% was encapsulated as x0201c green cosmetic agent x0201d in the inner phase of the primary emulsion and was extracted in our lab.

grant cave 1,2,5, , martyn harvey 3,4 and andis graudins 6,7 article first published online: 7 apr 2011 doi: 10.1/j.1742 6723.2011.01398.x use of intravenous lipid emulsion ile as antidote is the subject of much recent academic and clinical interest. Currently ile is endorsed as an antidote in cardiac arrest secondary to local anaesthetic systemic toxicity by a number of professional anaesthesiology bodies including the australian and new zealand college of anaesthetists.

1 ile is also recommended in the advanced cardiac life support guidelines for cardiac arrest secondary to lipophilic beta and calcium channel blockers, when conventional resuscitative therapies have failed. 2 a recent survey of australasian directors of emergency medicine training, however, found few eds had ile readily available or had guidelines for its emergency use. 3 animal reports suggesting an increased rate of recovery from barbiturate induced central nervous system depression with lipid infusion were first published in 1962.

4 over the ensuing decades publications outlining the benefit of ile in lipopohilic drug toxidromes proved infrequent until the seminal work of dr guy weinberg md in the late 1990s. Following investigation of a case of bupivacaine toxicity in a carnitine deficient patient, weinberg et al. Demonstrated that pretreatment with ile markedly increased the lethal dose of bupivacaine in rats, 5 and that ile conferred a near all or nothing effect on survival in dogs suffering bupivacaine induced cardiac arrest.

6 these studies, along with the original case reports of successful use in humans, 7 ndash 10 formed the evidence base for the first guidelines on the use of ile in local anaesthetic induced cardiac arrest published in 2007. 11 the currently favoured mechanism for ile in this situation is the formation of a lsquo lipid sink rsquo. It is suggested that an expanded intravascular lipid phase acts to sequester lipophilic toxin within it, thus reducing the effect site concentration and toxicity. Support for this concept comes directly from in vitro studies of reduced total and free chlorpromazine 12 and carbamazepine 13 concentrations in blood spiked with lipid emulsion.

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Furthermore, an increased rate of bupivacaine washout in bupivacaine toxic rat hearts was seen when perfused with a lipid containing solution. 14 alternatives to the lsquo lipid sink rsquo hypothesis are that ile might augment myocardial energy substrate provision, thereby increasing high energy phosphate content in the intoxicated heart, 15 or, that heightened triglyceride levels might increase cardiac myocyte calcium via action on calcium ion channels. 16 the lsquo lipid sink rsquo theory might conceptually be applied to any lipophilic toxin. Consistent with this, ile has been trialled in animal models of amitriptyline, 17 atenolol, 18 bupivacaine, 5,6 chlorpromazine, 12 clomipramine, 15,19 metoprolol, 20 organophosphate pesticide, 21 propranolol 22,23 and verapamil 16,24 with variable outcome.

A number of recent reviews summarizing the animal work in this area 25 ndash 27 have found repeatable large effects, dose responsiveness and mechanistic evidence of the biologic plausibility for ile as an antidote for lipophilic toxins. The consensus of these reviews is that ile administration was directly responsible for the improvements seen in animal models of lipophilic drug toxicity. As publication of these animal studies to the current time, there have been few additional basic science data to warrant further review of this aspect. Presently available reviews of human experience, however, remain incomplete, and in some cases include information from non peer reviewed sources.