patterns of development patterns of development help us sort out information and shape paragraphs or essays. They can help organize an outline, or depending on the purpose they can determine the form that a paper will take. Remember that most paper will use a combination of methods, working together in function of each other. Given the topic environmental issues, these are some examples of how the methods can help limiting the topic, developing a thesis statement, and writing an outline. narration means to tell a story: the history of the love canal a narration deals with people, places, events, dates, etc.

illustration with examples means that a generalization is supported by specific instances. comparison means to identify the ways in which two different items are similar. This means that there is no purpose in comparing or contrasting two items that do not share some common characteristic apples and books.

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classification means to sort items in order to group together those with similar characteristics and to distinguish them from those with different characteristics. causal analysis means to find the reasons that produced a certain result or to identify the results produced by a certain phenomenon. argumentation means to provide enough reasons and proof to convince the reader that a certain opinion is valid. Combining different methods: identifying plastic as a source of pollution how plastic was developed narration/process definition/description of plastic different kinds of plastic classification/illustration consequences of the use of plastic effects alternative solutions offered argumentation/comparison more examples: thesis statements topic: food 1. Narration: baking and sharing christmas cookies is my favorite holiday tradition. Description: the table at my grandmother's thanksgiving dinner is covered with delicious, great smelling, and colorful holiday dishes. Exemplification: because they cannot easily prepare their own food, many college students who live in the dorms are on a diet of fast food, junk food, or snacks.

Definition: a pizza is a flat bread, which may be covered with tomato sauce, cheeses, and a variety of toppings. Comparison: real italian food, the kind that is eaten in italy, is very different from american italian food. Classification: although traditionally pizza is an italian dish, greek pizza, mexican pizza, and hawaiian are becoming increasingly popular.

Cause and effect: italian food in italy is very different from american italian food because of regional variations and because of availability of ingredients. Process: baking bread is a process which consists of three main steps: kneading, shaping, and baking. In english, is professor emeritus of rhetoric and english at armstrong atlantic state university and the author of two grammar and composition textbooks for college freshmen, writing exercises macmillan and passages: a writer 39 s guide st. development is the process of adding informative and illustrative details to support the main idea in a paragraph or essay. Also see: 34 the methods of development aren 39 t empty jugs to pour full of any old, dull words.

Neither are they straitjackets woven by fiendish english teachers to pin your writing arm to your side and keep you from expressing yourself naturally. The methods are tools for achieving your purpose in writing, whatever that purpose may be. They can help you discover what you know, what you need to know, how to think critically about your subject, and how to shape your writing. 34 the importance of providing supporting details 34 possibly the most serious and most common weakness of all essays by novice writers is the lack of effectively developed body paragraphs. The information in each paragraph must adequately explain, exemplify, define, or in some other way support your topic sentence. Therefore, you must include enough supporting information or evidence in each paragraph to make your readers understand your topic sentence. Moreover, you must make the information in the paragraph clear and specific enough for the readers to accept your ideas.

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Wadsworth, 2011 continue reading below 34 what the opening of an essay promises, the body of the essay must deliver. This is known as 39 developing your ideas, 39 but i like to use a body building metaphor because it implies adding not just bulk to a framework, but musculature. 34 what is the best way to reinforce the main idea of your essay? you can do some by making good use of any combination of the following six methods of development: statistics comparison classification and division example, case in point quotation characterization.

Dialogue by using these bodybuilding elements, you are telling your readers, 39 i don 39 t expect you to take my word for these claims i want you to see for yourself! 34 fred d. White, lifewriting: drawing from personal experience to create features you can publish. Quill driver books, 2004 multiple patterns of development 34 although most short papers may employ one primary pattern with other patterns woven throughout, longer papers may have two or more primary patterns of development.

For example, if you are writing a paper on the causes and effects of child abuse in the foster care system, you might, after the causal analysis, shift the primary focus of the essay to prevention, thus continuing the essay with a process analysis of what the state might do to prevent child abuse. Then you might end the essay by addressing the objections from those defending the system, shifting the focus of the essay to argumentation. Your decision to include other primary patterns depends on your purpose and audience.

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Then as you develop your essay, you may integrate other patterns into your paragraphs. 34 luis nazario, deborah borchers, and william lewis, bridges to better writing. Wadsworth, 2010 a narrative paragraph or essay: tells a story explains how something happened generally, when writing a narrative paragraph you will usually relate events in the order in which they occurred. Your topic sentence should identify the situation or event and prepare the reader for a story.

An effective narrative is more than just a chronological run through of the things that happen to you in a typical day. You can write an engaging narrative about topics like losing your wallet, discovering that a friend has lied to you, or finding or getting fired from your first job. Keep in mind that in a narrative essay your readers are not looking for information they are looking for some dramatic interest or conflict in your story.

Most narratives are written from the first person the i point of view as in the following example. I awoke with a good night's sleep under my belt determined and confident in getting a new job as a swamper for williams moving and storage. The night before the interview, i practiced moving the furniture from one end of the house to the other. Arising from bed, i felt stronger, like a rodeo bull waiting to get out of his cage. Sitting at the kitchen table eating my wheaties, i started looking at the furniture around me in a new light.

The hide a bed in the living room was a 300 pound finger eating monster opening and closing snapping at me. Looking out onto the covered patio, the wicker furniture was floating, almost drifting by itself to the front door. Walking to the front door, i gave the hide a bed a good stiff kick. a process paragraph or essay: explains how to do something in a series of steps explains how something works process writing need not be limited to concrete practical subjects such as building a doghouse or installing drywall. A process paragraph or essay might tell you how to plan a budget holiday, prepare for final exams, get a deal on a used car, or revive a sputtering romance.