The harvard system cites the author's surname and year of publication in the text, e.g. Bond, 2004 , and provides a reference list of these citations , in alphabetical order by author, at the end of the assignment. It is here additional bibliographical details are noted, such as the title and publisher. the first part of this guide looks at harvard referencing within the text of your report, essay or assignment. The second part looks at compiling the reference list or bibliography from examples, such as books and journal articles. The third part lists examples of other types of documents, such as government reports and law cases. reference to sources may be cited in the text in different ways depending on the nature of the sentence/paragraph that you are writing.

When you are making reference to an author and his work in the text of your essay, report or other assignment, and you directly mention the author, this is followed by the date of the work in brackets parentheses , and forms part of the sentence. If you make reference to a work or piece of research without mentioning the author in the text of your essay, then both the author's name and year are usually placed at the end of the sentence in brackets. where the author's name is cited in your essay and is part of the sentence, put the author's name, followed by the year of publication, in brackets.

Cormack 1994 states that 'when writing for a professional readership, writers invariably make reference to already published works' in general, when writing for a professional publication, it is good practice to make reference to other relevant published work. where the author's name is not cited directly in the essay, both the author's name and year are usually placed at the end of the sentence, in brackets. Making reference to published work appears to be characteristic of writing for a professional audience cormack 1994. where more than one author's work is cited in your essay where reference is made to more than one author in a sentence, and they are referred to directly, these can be listed, jones 1946 and smith 1948 have both shown. where more than one authors' works are not cited directly in your essay they can be listed at the end of the sentence, putting the author's name, followed by the date of publication, separated by semi colons and within brackets. Jones 1946 smith 1948 where there are two authors for a particular work when there are two authors for a work, these should all be noted in your text. White and brown 1966 where there are more than two authors for a work where there are several authors more than two , only the first author should be used, followed by and others or et al.

1995 where there is no author use the title of the work and date of publication, or you may use anonymous or anon. Every effort should be made to establish the authorship, if you intend to use this work in an academic submission. marketing strategy 19 where there is no date the abbreviation n.d. page numbers including page numbers, from where a reference is made, particularly for quotations , will help the reader trace your sources. Lawrence 1966, p.124 or indirectly lawrence 1966, p.124 note page numbers from books are a single p, from journals pp where there are several works by one author if you are referring to more than one publication from the same author to illustrate the same point where the works are published in different years, the reference may be cited with the earliest publication year first, as suggested by bloggs 1992, 1994. if the same author is responsible for several works written over one year which you are quoting from, these can be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the year for each item. if several works published in the same year are referred to on a single occasion or an author has made the same point in several publications, they can all be referred to by using lower case letters as above , bloggs 1993a, b has stated on more than one occasion that.

quotations where you are quoting portions of published text if you want to include a statement from a published work in your essay, the sentence s must be included within quotation marks, and may be introduced to by such phrases as. In order for a reader to trace the quoted section, it is good practice to give the number of the page where the quotation was found. Additionally, highlight the quotation especially if it runs to several lines by placing it as an indented paragraph within your work and enclosing the quotation within speech marks. This clearly identifies the quotation as the work of someone else and not your own. 32 33 states: 'when writing for a professional readership, writers invariably make reference to already published works'.

Reliable Sources for Research Papers

edited works where you are referring to the work of an author that appears as a chapter or part of a larger work edited by someone else within the text of your essay, the reference should be cited using the name of the author of the part or chapter of text to which you are referring, and not the editor of the whole volume. In the reference list details of both the part and the entire document should be given this is given in the reference list as, smith, j. one hundred and. corporate authors where you are referring to a publication by an association, company or a government department etc. If the work is by a recognised organisation and has no personal author, then the author of the work is usually cited under the body that commissioned the work eg. Department of the environment or royal college of nursing it is acceptable to use standard abbreviations for these bodies, i.e. Doe or rcn in your essay text, provided the full name is given once at the first citing within the text, with the abbreviation in brackets. Such reports can be cited by the name of the committee committee on nursing 1972.