All project, program, and portfolio are subject to risk, whether positive or negative risks. Managing risks is one of the most important tasks for the construction industry as it directly affects project outcomes. Unfortunately, many organizations do not realize that there is a need to include risk management as a key element to success in business. Hence, some organizations delegate the risk management tasks leaving to someone to needs to plan, identify, assess, develop response plans, and control risks or do just part/ parts of the risk processes. Projects are becoming shared efforts of multiple parties construction industry is a good example of an area, where the project outcome is delivered in an extremely complex actor network. This paper discuss amp identified the common and specific risks that may occur in the infrastructure projects amp specially in the water treatment plant projects in egypt amp then we make initial assessment to these risks through a questionnaire was designed using the matrix method amp then we make analyzing of the responses of this questionnaire. Our writers can help get your essay back on track, take a look at our services to learn more about how we can help.

Essay writing service essay marking service place an order this paper is focused only on the qualitative assessment of the risks. The analysis included ranking the risks in terms of degree of occurrence probability v.high, high, med, low, very low amp the level of influences impact v.high, high, med, low, very low as the following matrices: a general water supply system is composed of water sources, raw water transmission pipes, water treatment plants, and water distribution networks. However, these components and subsystems give the greatest opportunities for both natural and human related influences because most of them are spatially diverse and accessible.

With respect to this, researchers have identified the potential vulnerable areas during the process of delivering water from the sources to the customers as see figure 1: 1 water sources e.g. Figure 1 elements and vulnerable points in a general water supply system factors affecting used consider the following factors affecting use ashore: water uses domestic, industrial, fire protection water treatment plant is the most important facility in a water supply system to remove contaminants in raw water, disinfect treated water, and produce drinkable water to consumers. However, hazards may be introduced during the process of treatment, or hazardous circumstances may allow contaminants to pass through treatment in significant concentrations.

Constituents of drinkable water can be introduced through the treatment process, including chemical additives used in the treatment process or products in contact with water. Furthermore, suboptimal filtration following filter backwashing can lead to the introduction of pathogens into the distribution system. Three attributes are crucial to water users: there must be adequate quantities of water on demand. In our paper we will focus on the water treatment plant in the water supply system which considers an important part in the water supply system.

We will discuss the risks may occur in the projects amp we will make an initial assessment to these risks but at the beginning we will give overview of risk management in the construction projects specially the infrastructure projects which owned by the government, amp we will discuss the risks from the view of contractor. A questionnaire was designed for assessment for all possible risks that may occur in the water treatment plant projects in egypt which some of these risks are general risks that may happen in all infrastructure projects and some are specific risks for the water treatment plant projects through the construction amp operation phase as discussed previous in the stage of risks identification amp then forward to some of managers in. The analysis included ranking the risks in terms of degree of occurrence probability v. High, high, med, low, very low as the following matrices: categories of risks for infrastructure and service delivery projects: political risks are the first category of risks identified.

Host government support is essential for any infrastructure projects ex: government support for the owner disputes on land this essay has been submitted to us by a student. Who wrote this essay request removal example essays taxation risks mat raises of tax rate, or applied new tax tariffs, which, may lead to decrease the promoter profit and unbalanced project cash flow. 1 3 import/export restrictions risk: the import and export restriction risk covers the legislation changes, which arrange the import of the equipment. Failure to obtain approval risk occurs when the central or local government authority does not approve the project related issues in time or even cancels the ones already approved. Obtaining approvals for a project from complex web of government agencies and departments, from municipal to provincial to central government levels, can be extremely time consuming process, delaying entire projects and hurting their financial viability. The risk that the financiers will not provide or continue to provide funding to the project 2 1 delayed payment by the government: payments on time are considered extremely important by the contractors maintain the cash flow and eliminate financial difficulties. Delayed payment will influence the financial situation of the contractor, especially if the due payment is substantial and or delayed for along time.

2 2 changes in law amp regulation: local authorities and government have specific codes and regulations that might be changed or revised from time to time. But this has low probability to occurrence in our project because it is owned by the government. Financial failure of any party contractor or owner wills significant impact the projects schedule and consequently the budget. This is more likely happen in big projects where the owner government might not have sufficient fund for the project or the contractor bids low on the project. Development risks describes the risk of the bidding procedures, which are very important part of the project, the bid evaluation criteria must be clearly defined and the bids must be evaluated in a public and objective manner, amp the chances for success are predictable. The competitive bidding systems usually lead to terms and conditions more favorable to the national interest. An orderly and transparent bidding procedure should also win public support for that project which can solve the problems that face the contractor such as land owner disputes.

The bidding process in egypt includes the following risks, which can face the contactor: contractor spend high cost for the preparation of the feasibility studies, investigation, design, planning and estimation of the project to be able to tender. Contractor warred about the risks of their innovative proposals being put out to competitive tender without gaining exclusivity or preferential treatment from other competitors. The planning delay risks refer to the delay of the tender evaluation by the government officials whom responsible to do such task. Delays in approval risk appear when the central of local government authority does not approve the project related issues in time. Force majeure risk is the risk that a specified event entirely outside the control of either party will occur and will result in a delay or default by the contractor in the performance of its contractual obligations. Site risk is the risk that the project land will be unavailable or unable to be used at the required time because of land owner disputes that the site will generate unanticipated liabilities, with the result that the service delivery and revenues are adversely affected. This an important category especially if the project is in a remote or undeveloped area or where access is limited to small trucks where large construction tools like big trucks and loaders cannot get into the project site.

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Also, this important when the project is located in a very congested area or access to other facilities and public areas need to be blocked or detoured in some stages of the project. This is a clear risk category and could happen in most of construction projects. For instance the soil conditions changes and the contractor might face or hard soil during excavation instead of soft soil as the top layer at the site showed or as the tender document may have indicated. Another example is underground buried utility piping, power cables and high water table area. These types of differing site conditions occur mostly in renovation and /or expansion of existing projects where new construction interface with the existing structures.

These differing site conditions will require extra efforts and may necessitate special equipment and tools for excavation and/or de watering. 4 5 suitability of the site and any existing infrastructure: means existing of any underground infrastructures e.g. Sewage pipes construction risks are the identified risk category which contains the risks faced the project during the construction phase which can be highly affect on the project cost and in turn the investment needs to complete the project. Delay risk means delay in the construction time schedule which, can be occur due to poor project management applied or due to bad cost estimation, which lead to financial failure.

Cost overrun risk occur when construction costs exceed original estimates, either due to inflation, non realistic cost estimation, excessive design changes or lack of risk management framework. Re performance risk is occurred due to reconstruct or maintains the bad work done by unqualified contractor. Completion risk refers to the non completion of the project due to effect of force majeure or unforeseen soil conditions. It could be change in work procedures, methodology o change of plans and scope of work. These changes might lead to change orders demolitions and re working and must be considered in the assessments of risks because they affect the project budget, schedule, safety and quality.

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Normally changes in work result because of insufficient planning at the project definition stage or because of lack of clear scope and drawing detail or simply because the owner s desire to make changes to the project. Loss or damage to work risks rises by the unforeseen soil conditions or breakdown of equipment, which are common occurrences on any construction site, especially for large civil engineering projects. Usually, these will have repercussion on cost and time but the effects are usually surmountable with today s technology. Force majeure risk is the risk that a specified event entirely outside the control of either party will occur and will result in a delay or default by the contractor in the performance of its contractual obligations during the construction period. 5 11 labor amp equipment availability: this risk category is mainly related to the availability of some of the resources namely, labor, material and equipment. Certain jobs may require specific skilled expertise and /or special material and equipment that might not available or scarce in the local market and take a long time to procure.

For example a skilled a qualified welder or special lifting and fitting of some heavy structure that may require crane capacity or piece of equipment that is not available in the local market may force the contractor to hire a certain skilled labor and import the special piece of the equipment or change the construction method to suit. This is more likely to happen in complex major projects or projects involving some degree of high technological complexity like water treatment plant project. 5 12 labor amp equipment productivity: like the previous risk category, certain jobs involving the productivity of labors and equipment might be affected because of the complexity of jobs or the nature of the work. If this not routine, then the labor and/or the equipment operator need to go through a learning curve. Another example that might affect labor and equipment productivity is the morale of the labor and the use of defective tools and equipment. Material is essential resource for construction projects and there is need for quality control and quality assurance to eliminate material replacement and re work. This risk category becomes more important for lump sum contracts if the specifications were not well defined.