Science, technology, and business division in 1905 albert einstein published four important papers, plus his dissertation, and set the stage for all of modern physics. Concerning an heuristic point of view toward the emission and transformation of light. Explanation of the photoelectric effect with use of the quantum hypothesis of planck. Light is a flow of corpuscular objects with definite energies planck's quanta of energy. On the movement of small particles suspended in stationary liquids required by the molecular kinetic theory of heat.

Does the inertia of a body depend upon its energy content? annalen der physik 18 1905: 639 641. Adventure in thought albert einstein in his great physicists: the life and times of leading physicists from galileo to hawking. einsteins miraculous year: five papers that changed the face of physics.

This volume of the collected papers of albert einstein presents einstein's writings for the two year period starting in october 1909. The initial date marks einstein's departure from the swiss patent office at bern, which had been his professional home for seven years, and the beginning of his first academic appointment, at the university of zurich. The volume concludes with the masterful report that einstein, by then a full professor at the german language university in prague, gave to the original solvay congress, the first international meeting devoted to the problems of radiation and the quantum theory. Most of einstein's efforts during these years went into his struggle with these ever more perplexing problems of quanta, on which he made discouragingly little progress. Einstein's new academic career naturally required him to teach, and almost half of this volume consists of the previously unpublished notes he wrote in preparation for his lectures on mechanics, on electricity and magnetism, and on kinetic theory and statistical mechanics. The last of these are particularly interesting in reflecting some of his research interests. Several papers here are concerned with aspects of the special theory of relativity, but it is einstein's article of june 1911 that is a harbinger of things to come: it contains his calculation of the bending of light in a gravitational field on the basis of his equivalence principle.

Klein is bass professor of the history of science and professor of physics at yale university and senior editor of the collected papers of albert einstein. Kox teaches history of science at the university of amsterdam, j 252 rgen renn is assistant professor of philosophy and physics at boston university, and robert schulmann is assistant professor of history at boston university. other princeton books by or about albert einstein:

the digital einstein papers

the einstein site at princeton university press

einstein archives online sponsored by the albert einstein archives at the hebrew university of jerusalem and the einstein papers project at the california institute of technology

diana kormos buchwald, general editor the swiss years: writings, 1900 1909. English translation supplement every document in the collected papers of albert einstein appears in the language in which it was written, and this supplementary paperback volume presents the english translations of all non english materials.

This translation does not include notes or annotation of the documentary volume and is not intended for use without the original language documentary edition which provides the extensive editorial commentary necessary for a full historical and scientific understanding of the documents. Submitted by rachel on january 12, 2015 albert einstein's impact on our understanding of the universe is so widely regarded by both the physics community and the general public, that his name is now a synonym for genius. So it is reassuring and fascinating to gain an insight into how he explored new scientific territory, how he responded to evidence that disagreed with his theories, and that heading down dead ends is an important part of even the greatest researcher's work.

A joint initiative by caltech and the hebrew university of jerusalem to make all of einstein's scientific and personal writings publicly available online. With english translations, has just been released, allowing all of us a chance to look over einstein's shoulder as he developed his revolutionary theories about the photoelectric effect. Last year we went along to a conference that brought together cosmologists and philosophers to discuss some of the big questions in cosmology. From the waterford institute of technology in ireland, told us about his recent and unexpected discovery of an unpublished paper by einstein in the digital archive. The paper contained a model of the universe that was dramatically different from any of the others that einstein was known to have studied.

And although it wasn't the model that einstein, or the rest of the scientific community, eventually settled on, the discovery is important as it sheds light on how einstein's thinking about the universe changed, as he was dealing with some of the big questions in cosmology at the time. O'raifeartaigh believes the manuscript dates from 1931, an extremely interesting moment in cosmology, when the first evidence for an expansion of the universe has emerged. The story starts in 1917 when einstein published his first model of the universe.

This model, like all models of the universe, is a solution to the field equations in his theory of general relativity. Einstein's first model was for a static universe, one that did not change in size indeed in his model it had a constant radius r and did not change in density. When einstein put together his famous static model there was no evidence for an expanding universe, says o'raifeartaigh. Even the idea would have seemed wacky, so everyone assumed the universe was static, including einstein. In the following years cosmologists discovered there was a problem with einstein's model: it wasn't stable, the slightest nudge would set the universe expanding or contracting.

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Another advance came from astronomy with hubble's observation of the recession of the galaxies in 1929. Many theorists began to consider the idea that the universe was expanding and that the stars and galaxies are continually moving away from each other. You can read more about our expanding universe in what happened before the big bang? einstein's next published model of the universe appeared in 1931 and is now known as the friedmann einstein model. This model is of an expanding, evolving universe, where the density of matter changes. I had wondered was the mistake made on the part of the journal, rather than einstein? so began o'raifeartaigh's detective work. Cormac o'raifeartaigh pondering the effects of gravity while hunting for drafts of the 1931 paper on the einstein online archive, o'raifeartaigh and his colleagues came across a manuscript which had the same title and same opening paragraph, but then went off in a completely different direction. In fact, the manuscipt contained a completely different model of the universe by einstein that was unknown.

The model in this newly discovered paper had the universe expanding but its density staying the same – the ratio of matter to empty space in the universe would stay constant. And on actually learning about the theoretical and observational evidence for expansion, his first instinct was to say, well maybe the universe is dynamic, in the sense that it's not static, but maybe it's not changing. In this sense this paper represents a middle step in einstein's thinking about how to move from his initial idea of a static universe, to one that was expanding and evolving. To enable the density to stay constant, einstein's steady state model had a continuous creation of matter occurring in empty space.

It had puzzled me until now that nobody in the 1930s had come up with the idea of continuous creation of matter in an expanding universe, says o'raifeartaigh. William macmillan and even paul dirac had previously suggested the idea of matter being created out of nothing. It shows you the simple logical development of great minds thinking about empirical cosmology as it unfolded over the twentieth century. The continuous creation of matter would also form the bedrock of the famous and controversial steady state model independently proposed by cambridge physicist fred hoyle 20 years later. It was a perfectly viable model of the universe, but it turns out that's not the way the universe is, says o'raifeartaigh. Soon after evidence began to mount that the amount of matter in the universe stays the same as it expands: the density goes down. The distribution of galaxies today is very different to the distribution of galaxies many years ago.

Hoyle's model became controversial because the stronger the evidence became the more hoyle and his collaborators fought it. They're not supposed to fall in love with a particular model and stick to it through thick and thin, but hoyle was not for turning. Einstein's steady state model is also interesting to physicists as it uses the cosmological constant – something that he'd previously introduced into his equations to enable a static universe – to instead represent some latent energy in empty space that was responsible for the creation of matter. This is particularly remarkable given the current understanding today of dark energy and how it may explain the value of the cosmological constant. You can read more about the cosmological constant in lambda marks the spot – the biggest problem in theoretical physics. Einstein's exploration of the steady state model lay undiscovered for over 80 years because it was never published.

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