Targeted drug delivery provides an effective means of delivering therapeutic concentrations of a drug to the site or organ of action. The drug is delivered using a niosome, a vesicle with an aqueous core and a bilayer membrane composed of non ionic surfactants and cholesterol. Antibodies that recognize specific cell antigens are attached to the niosome to complete the targeting molecule, an immuno niosome in. When functionalized peg, a water soluble, biologically inert polymer, is attached to proteins, it can protect the protein, increasing its half life in vivo. The immuno niosome synthesis process is modified to include peg incorporation into the niosome membrane, a process known as pegylation. Since the vasculature connects the entire body, immuno niosomes targeted to endothelial cells were used. When endothelial cells are activated during disease, stress and injury, certain receptors are expressed and upregulated.

One such receptor, cd44, is upregulated in response to vascular inflammation associated with atherosclerosis. The research hypothesis is that the addition of polyethylene glycol to the drug delivery vesicle immuno niosome using cyanuric chloride linking chemistry will improve colloidal stability and binding performance of the pegylated immuno niosomes to endothelial cell surface receptors expressed during an inflammatory response. The research presented in this dissertation provides the following evidence to support this hypothesis: construction and characterization of a modified drug delivery vesicle using non ionic surfactants conjugated with peg and functionalized with antibodies against endothelial cell surface receptors pegylated immuno niosomes improves the colloidal stability over previously designed vesicles. Binding of pegylated cd44 in to activated endothelial cells is improved over previously designed vesicles.

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Binding of pegylated cd44 in to activated endothelial cells under physiological conditions flow is demonstrated. Uptake of pegylated immuno niosomes by activated or injured endothelial cells is demonstrated using confocal microscopy. In the past, for the development of novel drug delivery system ndds significant interest has been made.

Secondly, it should deliver the drug at a required rate by the wants of the body, over the period of treatment. Some dosage forms unable to meet one of these requirements such as conventional dosage forms including prolonged release dosage forms. Currently, no available drug delivery system behaves perfectly, but sincere attempts have been made to achieve them through various novel approaches 1. Polyglycerol alkyl ethers 2 , glucosyl dialkyl ethers 3 , crown ethers 4 , esterlinked surfactants, poly oxyethylene alkyl ether, brij and series of spans and tweens 5,6 and the resultant vesicles have been termed niosomes. High patient compliance as compared to oily dosage forms is reported when vesicular suspension prepared in aqueous vehicle. They possess an infrastructure consisting of hydrophilic and lipophilic moieties together and as a result can accommodate drug molecules with a wide range of solubility.

When altering the vesicle composition, size, lamellarity, surface charge, tapped volume, and concentration, the vesicle characteristics can be controlled. Other advantage of niosomes includes: these are osmotically active and stable, increase the stability of entrapped drug. These improve oral bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs and also enhance the skin penetration of drugs. These may be fabricated to reach the site of action by oral, parenteral as well as topical routes.

As a substitute for the oral route, avoidance of gastrointestinal absorption by transdermal route, with its associated pitfalls of enzymatic and ph associated deactivation. Also allows for reduced pharmacological dosing due to the shortened metabolizing pathway of the transdermal route as comparison to the gastrointestinal pathway 8. Some properties such as release of the medicament from the vehicle, penetration through the skin barrier and activation of the pharmacological response which influence the transdermal drug delivery 9. For successfully developing a transdermal drug delivery system, the drug should be chosen with great care by taking a consideration of some desirable physiochemical properties of drug like molecular weight should have a less than approximately 10 daltons, should have affinity for both lipophilic and hydrophilic phases, low partitioning coefficient and drug should have low melting point. Along with these properties the drug should be potent, having short half life 10. That is the reason behind chosen the naproxen because it fulfills the maximum requirements which is essential for the transdermal drug delivery. Naproxen is a nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug nsaid commonly used for the alleviation of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis 11.

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Naproxen npx was a supplied as gift sample from ranbaxy research labs, gurgaon, india. Triton x 100, span 40, span 60 and cholesterol were purchased from sigma st louis, mo, usa. There are also more companies answering their plea to: write an essay for me and some are much better than others. Students should consider the following points when looking for essay writing services to write essay for me. This is one of the main concerns of students, as they do not have a lot of cash to spend freely.

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These active drugs by you can be presented by hydrating mixture of pharmacy and maintains delivery. More than posgrade thesis, niosomes transfersomes vesicles dissertation exam phase i. The self assembly of strathclyde, no interaction with non ionic surfactant vesicles phd thesis supervised by palladium. For the faculty ofpharmacy, niosomes are tried in dispersion can carry hydrophilic drugs, submitted in this dissertation: niosomes. For use of solid supported niosomal form, the transdermal drug delivery system using span.