Protein synthesis is the process of transferring information from a gene to a protein. Dna deoxyribonucleic acid is made up of four main parts of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, and rna ribonucleic acid is made up of adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine. Dna is a double, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. Rna is a single stranded nucleic acid molecule involved in protein synthesis, the structure of which is specified by dna. Protein synthesis consists of two main categories: transcription, which is the process of copying rna information to dna, and translation, which is the process of turning rna information to dna. It begins at the initiation site when the polymerase separates the two dna strands and exposes the template strand for base pairing with rna nucleotides. The rna polymerase works its way down from the initiation site, prying apart the two strands of dna and elongating the mrna in the 5' гѓв 3' direction.

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The rna polymerase continues to elongate the rna molecule until it reaches the termination site, a specific sequence of nucleotides along the dna that signals the end of the transcription unit. The mrna, a transcript of the gene, is released, and the polymerase subsequently dissociates from the dna. The positioning of the mrna is signaled by a ribosome recognition sequence of the mrna.

At the same time, the initiator trna, with the anicodon uac, base pairs with the initiation codon aug. The initiator trna is in th published: 23, march 2015 protein synthesis is the process whereby dna encodes for the production of amino acids and proteins. It is a very complex and precise process and as proteins make up over half of the dry mass of a cell, it is a vital process to the maintenance, growth and development of the cell. Proteins are widely used in the cell for a variety of reasons and have many different roles, for example some proteins provide structural support for cells while others act as enzymes which control cell metabolism.

The formation of proteins takes place within the cytoplasm, the portion of the cell located just outside the nucleus. Proteins are formed through condensation reactions which bond amino acids together with peptide bonds in a particular sequence and the type of protein that is created is defined by the unique sequence of the amino acids. Dna and rna are nucleic acids that are formed in the nucleotides and are both involved in the process of protein synthesis. Who wrote this essay request removal example essays deoxyribonucleic acid, more commonly known as dna, is located within the nucleus of the cell and contains the entire genetic code for an organism within its structure. Dna has two very important functions which are: to convey information from one generation of cells to the next by the process of dna replication and to provide the information for the synthesis of proteins necessary for cellular function. The complex and precise process of protein synthesis begins within a gene, which is a distinct portion of a cell's dna.

Dna is a nucleic acid which is made up of repeating monomers, called nucleotides, and in the case of dna, these individual monomers consist of a pentose sugar, a phosphoric acid and four bases known as adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. Dna is a double stranded polymer, which has a twisted ladder like structure, known as a double helix. The double helix of dna is formed when two polynucleotide chains join together via base pairing between nucleotide units within the individual chains.

The base pairs are joined together themselves by hydrogen bonds and the pairings join in a very specific way, for example guanine will always only join with cytosine and adenine with always only join with thymine. The sequence of these base pairs along the dna molecule carries all the genetic information of the cell. Although the dna does not produce the new proteins itself, it is responsible for controlling the process of protein synthesis. This is simply because dna is far too big a structure to pass through the nucleus into the cytoplasm, so instead it sends a message to the 'protein making machine' in the cytoplasm to start the process. It does this by sending this information via a chemical similar to dna called ribonucleic acid rna. There are three types of rna found in cells, all of which are involved in process of protein synthesis. Messenger rna mrna is a long, single stranded molecule which is formed into a helix on a single strand of dna.

It is manufactured in the nucleus and is a mirror copy of the part of the dna strand on which it is formed. The messenger rna passes through the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm where is connects with the ribosomes and acts as a template for protein synthesis. Ribosomal rna rrna is a large, complex molecule which is made up of both single and double helices. Rrna is formed by the genes which are situated on the dna and is found in the cytoplasm which, when bonded with proteins, makes up the ribosomes. The difference between dna and rna is that dna is a double helix consisting of two strands whereas rna is simply a singular strand, rna also uses uracil instead of thymine and dna consists of a deoxyribose sugar, whereas rna consists of a ribose sugar.