1984 is a political novel written with the purpose of warning readers in the west of the dangers of totalitarian government. Having witnessed firsthand the horrific lengths to which totalitarian governments in spain and russia would go in order to sustain and increase their power, orwell designed 1984 to sound the alarm in western nations still unsure about how to approach the rise of communism. In 1949, the cold war had not yet escalated, many american intellectuals supported communism, and the state of diplomacy between democratic and communist nations was highly ambiguous. In the american press, the soviet union was often portrayed as a great moral experiment. Orwell, however, was deeply disturbed by the widespread cruelties and oppressions he observed in communist countries, and seems to have been particularly concerned by the role of technology in enabling oppressive governments to monitor and control their citizens. In 1984, orwell portrays the perfect totalitarian society, the most extreme realization imaginable of a modern day government with absolute power.

The title of the novel was meant to indicate to its readers in 1949 that the story represented a real possibility for the near future: if totalitarianism were not opposed, the title suggested, some variation of the world described in the novel could become a reality in only thirty five years. Orwell portrays a state in which government monitors and controls every aspect of human life to the extent that even having a disloyal thought is against the law. As the novel progresses, the timidly rebellious winston smith sets out to challenge the limits of the party rsquo s power, only to discover that its ability to control and enslave its subjects dwarfs even his most paranoid conceptions of its reach.

As the reader comes to understand through winston rsquo s eyes, the party uses a number of techniques to control its citizens, each of which is an important theme of its own in the novel. These include: the party barrages its subjects with psychological stimuli designed to overwhelm the mind rsquo s capacity for independent thought. The giant telescreen in every citizen rsquo s room blasts a constant stream of propaganda designed to make the failures and shortcomings of the party appear to be triumphant successes. The telescreens also monitor behavior mdash everywhere they go, citizens are continuously reminded, especially by means of the omnipresent signs reading ldquo big brother is watching you, rdquo that the authorities are scrutinizing them. The party undermines family structure by inducting children into an organization called the junior spies, which brainwashes and encourages them to spy on their parents and report any instance of disloyalty to the party. The party also forces individuals to suppress their sexual desires, treating sex as merely a procreative duty whose end is the creation of new party members.

The party then channels people rsquo s pent up frustration and emotion into intense, ferocious displays of hatred against the party rsquo s political enemies. Many of these enemies have been invented by the party expressly for this purpose. In addition to manipulating their minds, the party also controls the bodies of its subjects. The party constantly watches for any sign of disloyalty, to the point that, as winston observes, even a tiny facial twitch could lead to an arrest. The party forces its members to undergo mass morning exercises called the physical jerks, and then to work long, grueling days at government agencies, keeping people in a general state of exhaustion.

Anyone who does manage to defy the party is punished and ldquo reeducated rdquo through systematic and brutal torture. After being subjected to weeks of this intense treatment, winston himself comes to the conclusion that nothing is more powerful than physical pain mdash no emotional loyalty or moral conviction can overcome it. By conditioning the minds of their victims with physical torture, the party is able to control reality, convincing its subjects that 2 + 2 5. The party controls every source of information, managing and rewriting the content of all newspapers and histories for its own ends. The party does not allow individuals to keep records of their past, such as photographs or documents.

As a result, memories become fuzzy and unreliable, and citizens become perfectly willing to believe whatever the party tells them. And in controlling the past, the party can justify all of its actions in the present.

technology

by means of telescreens and hidden microphones across the city, the party is able to monitor its members almost all of the time. Additionally, the party employs complicated mechanisms 1984 was written in the era before computers to exert large scale control on economic production and sources of information, and fearsome machinery to inflict torture upon those it deems enemies.

1984 reveals that technology, which is generally perceived as working toward moral good, can also facilitate the most diabolical evil. One of orwell rsquo s most important messages in 1984 is that language is of central importance to human thought because it structures and limits the ideas that individuals are capable of formulating and expressing. If control of language were centralized in a political agency, orwell proposes, such an agency could possibly alter the very structure of language to make it impossible to even conceive of disobedient or rebellious thoughts, because there would be no words with which to think them. This idea manifests itself in the language of newspeak, which the party has introduced to replace english.