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However, it also holds that humans are prone to adopting irrational beliefs and behaviours which stand in the way of their achieving their goals and purposes. Often, these irrational attitudes or philosophies take the form of extreme or dogmatic musts, shoulds, or oughts they contrast with rational and flexible desires, wishes, preferences and wants. The presence of extreme philosophies can make all the difference between healthy negative emotions such as sadness or regret or concern and unhealthy negative emotions such as depression or guilt or anxiety.

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For example, one persons philosophy after experiencing a loss might take the form: it is unfortunate that this loss has occurred, although there is no actual reason why it should not have occurred. It is sad that it has happened, but it is not awful, and i can continue to function. Anothers might take the form: this absolutely should not have happened, and it is horrific that it did.

The first persons response is apt to lead to sadness, while the second person may be well on their way to depression. Most importantly of all, rebt maintains that individuals have it within their power to change their beliefs and philosophies profoundly, and thereby to change radically their state of psychological health. Rebt employs the abc framework depicted in the figure below to clarify the relationship between activating events a our beliefs about them b and the cognitive, emotional or behavioural consequences of our beliefs c. The abc model is also used in some renditions of cognitive therapy or cognitive behavioural therapy, where it is also applied to clarify the role of mental activities or predispositions in mediating between experiences and emotional responses. The figure below shows how the framework distinguishes between the effects of rational beliefs about negative events, which give rise to healthy negative emotions, and the effects of irrational beliefs about negative events, which lead to unhealthy negative emotions. Modifying the philosophies at b requires persistence and hard work, but it can be done. the main purpose of rebt is to help clients to replace absolutist philosophies, full of musts and shoulds, with more flexible ones part of this includes learning to accept that all human beings including themselves are fallible and learning to increase their tolerance for frustration while aiming to achieve their goals.

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Although emphasizing the same core conditions as person centred counselling namely, empathy, unconditional positive regard, and counsellor genuineness in the counselling relationship, rebt views these conditions as neither necessary nor sufficient for therapeutic change to occur. The basic process of change which rebt attempts to foster begins with the client acknowledging the existence of a problem and identifying any meta disturbances about that problem i.e. The client then identifies the underlying irrational belief which caused the original problem and comes to understand both why it is irrational and why a rational alternative would be preferable. The client challenges their irrational belief and employs a variety of cognitive, behavioural, emotive and imagery techniques to strengthen their conviction in a rational alternative.

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For example, rational emotive imagery, or rei, helps clients practice changing unhealthy negative emotions into healthy ones at c while imagining the negative event at a , as a way of changing their underlying philosophy at b this is designed to help clients move from an intellectual insight about which of their beliefs are rational and which irrational to a stronger gut instinct about the same. They identify impediments to progress and overcome them, and they work continuously to consolidate their gains and to prevent relapse. To further this process, rebt advocates selective eclecticism, which means that rebt counsellors are encouraged to make use of techniques from other approaches, while still working specifically within the theoretical framework of rebt. In other words, rebt maintains theoretical coherence while pragmatically employing techniques that work.