ϻ�scope this assignment aims to analyse the careers of three individuals by exploring the personal and situational factors considered in super’s archway model as well as the krumboltz's theory, and discuss how these factors interact and affect career decision making. The analysis is then applied to the discussion how to use the various types of intelligences in achieving career success and advancement. Interviewee 1 name: jane chua highest educational qualification: honors in accountancy. Telecommunication in the 21st century have improved over the decade by the introduction of better techniques through which signals can be transmitted from a transmitter through a medium to a receiver. These techniques have improved mobile communications, satellite transmissions and helped to improve data security. Some of these techniques are amplitude modulation am , frequency modulation fm , sampling and link analysis sla and pcm. The acronym pcm represents lsquo pulse code modulation rsquo , which is used for digitizing analogue data, for instance, audio signals.

This is carried out by sampling analogue signals at uniform interval and then quantized to a series of symbols in a digital code e.g. 101.its technically a way in which analogue signals are converted to digital form. Pcm technique has its advantages it makes processing of signals cheap since pcm is digital. Our writers can help get your essay back on track, take a look at our services to learn more about how we can help. Essay writing service essay marking service place an order pulse code modulation has been a form used for some compact disc formats, digital video and for digital audio in computers. In pcm, there are series of processed to be followed filtering sampling quantizing binary coding companding this is a process where frequencies above the highest signal frequency are removed. The reason for this is that if this frequency is not removed, problems would occur when going to the next stage of sampling.

This stage of the pcm is performed through pam pulse amplitude modulation.it answer the question of how signals change from one form to another analogue to digital. It makes use of the original analog signal and uses it for the amplitude modulation of a pulse which has constant amplitude and frequency, this constant frequency is known as the sampling frequency i.e. The number of samples per second .the sampling frequency have to be more than the maximum frequency of the analogue signal. To work out the sampling rate, nyquist theorem is used ldquo that in order to be able to reconstruct the original analogue signal, a minimum number of samples had to be taken rdquo. it could be stated as: bw bandwidth of original analog voice signal this basically means the converting of each of the analogue sample into a discrete value in the form of a binary code that can be given a digital code word.

The instantaneous amplitude is been rounded off to certain levels, this thereby introduces some uncertainties quantization noise.this is given by this expression number of levels 2 ^ bn bn is the number of bits used in the encoding it was proven from the experiment that the higher the number of quantization levels the lesser the amount of quantizing noise. However this process of increasing the quantizing level to lower the quantizing noise introduces complexity into the system as the pcm system would need to be able to handle more code word. It is a process of compressing a given analogue signal and this signal is expanded to its original size on getting to destination. In this process, the input signal is compressed into logarithmic segments and then quantized and coded. Since the larger signals are compressed more than the smaller signals, the quantization noise increases. Exprerimentation and observation oscilloscope pcm encoder module connection cable the experiment was carried out by sending an input analogue message into the pcm encoder module.

This input is constrained to a defined bandwidth and amplitude range in order to make sure the nyquist criterion is observed. The pcm encoder module looks like the diagram below: a suitable encoding scheme for the analogue sample is selected. For this experiment, the clock rate us 8.33 khz ttl signal from master signal module. Time frame is also very essential as each binary word is located in a time frame. The lsb consisting of 1 rsquo s and 0 rsquo s are embedded in the encoder itself.

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Initially the 4 bit linear coding scheme is selected and patched up with the 8.33 khz ttl sample clock.ch 2a displays the clock signal on the oscilloscope. The display below shows a 4 bit pcm output for zero amplitude input quantization in pcm encoding is the next stage after sampling. Binary lsquo 1 rsquo in the presence of a pulse and binary lsquo 0 rsquo in the absence of a pulse this essay has been submitted to us by a student. Who wrote this essay request removal example essays the output of the variable dc is connected to vin and sweeping the dc voltage slowly forward and backward shows discrete jumps in the data pattern, e.g.

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The companding stage in a pcm is the process by which an analogue signal is been compressed at the source and then expanded back to its original size when it gets to its destination. During this process, the signal is compressed into segments which are quantized using uniform quantization. The standard of companding used in this experiment is the a law.the equation is where a 87.7 in europe and x is the normalized integer to be compressed.

The toggle switch is changed back to a 4 bit companding and the tims a4 companding law pre selected is selected from the switch board. This gave the measurement below in pcm decoding, the tims pcm decoder module is used for decoding. This is the first operation in the receiver towards regenerating the received pulses. Amplitude of the pulse generated is the linear sum of all pulses in the coded word.