Most watermarks in cotton fiber papers indicate the brand and percent of cotton fiber in the sheet. Linters are short fibers stripped from the cotton seed before the seed is squeezed to make cotton seed oil. Linters are identified by government recycling standards as recovered fiber and are considered pre consumer waste. The short fiber provides a rich appearance and a consistent line formation, giving clarity to the watermark. Colors appear richer and deeper on fabrics woven from cotton or wool compared with gaudy synthetics. American business has always been sensitive to public opinion and customer perception of their identity.

The quality of paper used for letterheads and legal documents throughout history has been paper made from cotton fiber 100% cotton fiber for executive letterheads and legal documents and 25% cotton fiber for corporate letterheads and general business correspondence, presentations, financial statements, etc. Papers manufactured of cotton fiber will last longer and hold up better under repeated handling and various environmental conditions than paper made from wood pulp. Generally, given reasonable care, a customer can expect one year of usable life for every 1% of cotton contained in the sheet. Cotton papers are less likely to discolor than papers made from wood pulp and therefore are a perfect choice for any documents that require archiving. Home fashion curtains, draperies, bedspreads, comforters, throws, sheets, towels, table cloths, table mats, napkins 5. structure and properties of cotton fibers

5.1 fiber structure and formation

the botanical name of american upland cotton is gossypium hirsutum and has been developed from cottons of central america.

The cuticle layer on the fiber itself is separable from the fiber and consists of wax and pectin materials. The primary wall, the most peripheral layer of the fiber, is composed of cellulosic crystalline fibrils. All three layers of the secondary wall include closely packed parallel fibrils with spiral winding of 25 35 o and represent the majority of cellulose within the fiber. The innermost part of cotton fiber the lumen is composed of the remains of the cell contents.

Before boll opening, the lumen is filled with liquid containing the cell nucleus and protoplasm. The twists and convolutions of the dried fiber are due to the removal of this liquid. The cross section of the fiber is bean shaped, swelling almost round when moisture absorption takes place. Cotton rags have longer fibres than linters which are the shorter fluffy fibres of the cotton seed generally used in papermaking. Genuine rag papers are rare and it is the fibre length of this raw material that gives khadi rag papers their exceptional strength and durability. The cotton rag we use comes from t shirt cuttings, a reliable source of pure woven cotton.

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Khadi rag papers are the only handmade papers in india made with neutral ph size and so they are the only ones that are genuinely acid free. Coloured papers are dyed in the beater using direct dyes from ciba and clariant which are iso 9001 accredited and meet european standards on effluence and toxicology. Increasingly we are sourcing coloured rags enabling us to reduce or entirely avoid the use of dye. The fibre is retained on the surface of the mould while the water drains through the mesh.

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The characteristic deckle edges of the sheet of paper come from the slippage of pulp between the deckle and mould. The mould is lifted from the vat and the sheet is laid or couched onto a woollen felt. When a pile of sheets interleaved with felts has been made they are pressed in a hydraulic press to remove excess water.

After drying, sheets are tub sized surface sized with gelatine which produces a hard, water resistant surface. This is the traditional way of sizing paper for watercolour, allowing watercolour to be worked over the surface without penetrating the paper. Museo digital inkjet paper traditional baryta fibre based semi gloss museo sr silver rag museo silver rag 100% cotton 300gsm digital fibre paper museo silver rag 300gsm is a complete first. A semi gloss paper that meets the exacting standards dreamt of by photographers when looking to emulate the look and more importantly the performance of traditional dark room fibre papers. Optimised for pigment printing museo silver rag brings out the best in both monochrome and colour reproduction. 100% pure cotton, this paper meets the most stringent archival standards with absolutely no optical brighteners and a class leading ph value of 7.9 at last fine art and photographic printers can produce prints showing the greatest detail and extraordinary depth long associated in the past with traditional fibre papers.

Available in a4, a3+ and larger format sheets plus 17 , 24 , 44 , 50 amp 60 rolls. kapok biology amp fibre opens a new page cotton is the most popular fabric in the world and is grown in 85 countries according to unctad. The processed cotton fibre consists of nearly pure cellulose and is produced from plants of the genus gossypium of the mallow family, malvacae. The cotton plant produces large showy, white, creamy or yellow flowers that fall off to leave a large capsule, or cotton boll that contains both the seeds and a mass of white, downy cotton fibre. There are about 43 species of gossypium but only 4 are important for cultivation, that is, two species of old world cottons from africa and asia and two new world cottons of the americas. Both groups have been cultivated for a long time and cotton has been used to make fine lightweight textiles in areas with tropical climates for thousands of years.

the genus gossypium probably originated in africa 150 million years ago cf. The splitting up of gondwanaland and the separation and formation of the present continents then caused the separation and subsequent development of the different old and new world cotton species and varieties. Cotton has been found in mexican caves tehaucan valley dating back to about 3500 bc and there is archaeological evidence from the indus valley mohenjo daro of pakistan from 2700 bc and from peru in 2500 bc stephens, 1970 in charrier . These three sites are likely to have been original centres of cotton cultivation. The pulp has been processed in india in a special papermaking beater for several hours, till it is ready for papermaking. Is a vegetable fibre obtained from the mature capsule of the cotton plant, a shrub about 40 cm high, with leaves and flowers of a red or yellow colour. When the flower is fecundated it loses its petals and within 25 days a capsule surrounded by a leaf called bract grows.

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The capsule is sustained by a cup and has a drop shape rounded at the lower extremity. Inside the capsule there are from five to eight seeds on which the fibre developed. On the same plant the maturation of the capsules does not occur simultaneously, therefore more passages are required for the harvest of the cotton. The first operation after harvesting is husking, which permits the removal of the fibres from the seeds. Staple length 1/8 2.5 0.32 6.35cm for manufacturing yarns, fabrics, 7/8 11/4 2.22 3.18cm is standard.

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The requisites on the basis of which to judge the quality of the cotton are the grade. The grade is given by the external appearance of the cotton and is determined on the basis of the major or minor brightness of the fibres, by its more or less white color, by the major or minor presence of particles of the leaf or other extraneous substances. In fact, from the major or minor whiteness of the cotton depends the facility of later workings and the possibility of obtaining good yarns. The colour of cotton fibre differs greatly: that of cultivated cotton is generally white, more or less candid or tending towards grey but there are also reddish, tawny, chamois, etc. It is in part connected with the origin, variety and maturity, but at the end a cotton of good character is that whose fibres are the most strong and robust, so as to resist traction and breakage, homogenous and uniform, so as to produce few losses in working, and have a complete physical chemical constitution, so as to give the cotton mass notable solidity and compactness, smoothness and silkiness. The biggest cultivations of cotton are to be found in america, india, china, egypt, pakistan, sudan and eastern europe.

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Cotton, as a natural cellulose fiber, has a lot of characteristics, such as: comfortable soft hand good absorbency color retention prints well machine washable dry cleanable good strength drapes well easy to handle and sew for sale, textile waste, cotton waste, waste leather from the factory. 400 units of 97% cotton 3% poly gray with several screen printed colors on the front, gray type on the back. Because their is printed information on the shirts, they must be shredded or destroyed at a similar level. While most papers are made from wood pulp, cotton rag paper, as the name implies, is made from fabric fibers, which are longer and stronger. A variety of finishes can be impressed on the paper with a roller, resulting in a linen, vellum, cockled or other texture. These practical matters aside, cotton rag paper is best known for its elegance, which can be appreciated by both sight and touch.