At a single stream sorting facility, such as san francisco's recycle central, a series of conveyor belts, giant magnets. In an influential 1996 new york times magazine article entitled recycling is garbage, john tierney summed up the skepticism by asserting there was no landfill shortage and that the depletion of natural resources wasn't a concern: the 1970s oil scare was temporary, just like all previous scares about resource shortages, he wrote. In fact, the whole concept of recycling was fraught with trade offs, he argued: saving a tree is a mixed blessing. When there's less demand for virgin wood pulp, timber companies are likely to sell some of their tree farms maybe to condominium developers. Photograph by anthia cumming/shutterstock environmental impact the papermaking industry once counted on virgin forests and old growth trees for pulp, which take hundreds of years to grow and are virtually nonrenewable. But as conservation groups have moved to protect ecologically rich forests and limit commercial access to them, the industry has been moving towards renewable forestry plantations for virgin pulp paper.

The papermaking industry has also come under fire for its heavy use of chemicals like chlorine and chlorine compounds. The environmental paper assessment tool is a new site to help buyers and sellers of paper products to evaluate and select environmentally preferable paper, which considers toxicology as well as recyclability and other factors. Paper mills generally rely on a mix of toxic chemicals for reducing wood to pulp and bleaching paper. Water effluents such as absorbable organic halides and total suspended solids, and solid waste such as boiler ash and effluent sludge are all potential byproducts from this industry. Many of the big office supply and service stores that are responsible for most of the country’s paper sales have made the environment a bigger priority in their paper procurement.

Notably, in 2002, staples announced that it would reduce sales of paper made of wood from endangered forests by 50 percent. The company now averages 30 percent post–consumer content by weight across all paper products sold. Staples also committed to move the majority of paper products it offers to fsc–certified paper by the end of 2010. In january, office depot announced that the company’s top selling 30 percent recycled content paper would be fsc certified. We simplified the decision for them by providing consumers both attributes responsible fsc forestry and recycled content in one item, office depot's environmental strategy advisor yalmaz siddiqui said in a statement.

Though the paper industry is decreasing its reliance on nonrenewable resources, paper production remains energy intensive. Some paper companies claim that buying 100 percent pcw conserves other resources besides trees, such as water and energy. The pcw manufacturing process uses fewer inputs and produces less wastewater and solid waste than virgin fiber manufacturing. The bureau of international recycling reports that recycled pulp requires 64 percent less energy than virgin pulp. 1 technical university in zvolen,faculty of wood sciences and technology, slovakia it is well known the paper production likewise the other brands of industry has enormous effects on the environment. The using and processing of raw materials has a variety of negative effects on the environment. At the other hand there are technologies which can moderate the negative impacts on the environment and they also have a positive economical effect.

One of these processes is the recycling, which is not only the next use of the wastes. The main benefit of the recycling is a double decrease of the environment loading, known as an environmental impact reducing. From the first view point, the natural resources conserves at side of the manufacturing process inputs, from the second view point, the harmful compounds amount leaking to the environment decreases at side of the manufacturing process outputs. The paper production from the recycled fibers consumes less energy conserves the natural resources viz. The conflict between economic optimization and environmental protection has received wide attention in recent research programs for waste management system planning. This has also resulted in a set of new waste management goals in reverse logistics system planning. 2008 have proposed a mixed integer goal programming migp model to capture the inter relationships among the paper recycling network system.

Use of this model can bring indirectly benefit to the environment as well as improve the quality of waste paper reaching the recycling unit. In 2005, the total production of paper in europe was 99.3 million tonnes which generated 11 million tonnes of waste, representing about 11% in relation to the total paper production. The production of recycled paper, during the same period, was 47.3 million tonnes generating 7.7 million tonnes of solid waste about 70% of total generated waste in papermaking which represents 16% of the total production from this raw material cepi 2006 . The consumption of recovered paper has been in continuous growth during the past decades.

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According to the confederation of european paper industries cepi , the use of recovered paper was almost even with the use of virgin fiber in 2005. This development has been boosted by technological progress and the good price competitiveness of recycled fiber, but also by environmental awareness – at both the producer and consumer ends – and regulation that has influenced the demand for recovered paper. The european paper industry suffered a very difficult year in 2009 during which the industry encountered more down time and capacity closures as a result of the weakened global economy. Recovered paper utilisation in europe decreased in 2009, but exports of recovered paper to countries outside cepi continued to rise, especially to asian markets 96.3%. However, recycling rate expressed as volume of paper recycling/volume of paper consumption resulted in a record high 72.2% recycling rate after having reached 66.7% the year before fig. 2010 cepi 2006 european declaration on paper recycling 2010 huhtala amp samakovlis 2002 cepi annual statistic 2010.

European paper recycling 1995 2009 in million tonnes european declaration on paper recycling 2006 – 2010, monitoring report 2009 2010 w.erpa.info recycling is not a new technology. It has become a commercial proposition since matthias koops established the neckinger mill, in 1826, which produced white paper from printed waste paper. However, there were very few investigations into the effect of recycling on sheet properties until late 1960's.

From then until the late 1970's, a considerable amount of work was carried out to identify the effects of recycling on pulp properties and the cause of these effects nazhad 2005 nazhad amp paszner1994 . In the late 1980's and early 1990's, recycling issues have emerged stronger than before due to the higher cost of landfills in developed countries and an evolution in human awareness. The findings of the early 70's on recycling effects have since been confirmed, although attempts to trace the cause of these effects are still not resolved howard amp bichard 1992 . Recycling has been thought to reduce the fibre swelling capability, and thus the flexibility of fibres. The restricted swelling of recycled fibres has been ascribed to hornification, which has been introduced as a main cause of poor quality of recycled paper scallan amp tydeman 1992 .

Since 1950's, fibre flexibility among the papermakers has been recognized as a main source of paper strength. Therefore, it is not surprising to see that, for over half a century, papermakers have supported and rationalized hornification as a main source of tensile loss due to drying, even though it has never been fully understood sutjipto et al. Recycled paper has been increasingly produced in various grades in the paper industry. However, there are still technical problems including reduction in mechanical strength for recycled paper.

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Especially, chemical pulp origin paper, that is, fine paperrequires a certain level of strength. Howard amp bichard 1992 reported that beaten bleachedkraft pulp produced handsheets which were bulky and weak in tensile and burst strengthsby handsheet recycling. This behaviour could be explained by the reduction in re swelling capability or the reduction in flexibility of rewetted pulp fibers due to fiber hornification and, possibly, by fines loss during recycling processes, which decrease both total bondingarea and the strength of paper howard 1995 nazhad amp paszner 1994 nazhad et al.

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Paper recycling is increasingly important for the sustainable development of the paper industry as an environmentally friendly sound. The research related to paper recycling is therefore increasingly crucial for the need of the industry. Even though there are a number of researches ascertained the effect of recycling treatment on properties of softwood pulp fibres cao et al. 1995 , however, it is likely that hardwood pulp fibres have rarely been used in the research operated with recycling treatment. Changes in some morphological properties of hardwood pulp fibres, such as curl, kink, and length of fibre, due to recycling effects also have not been determined considerably. This is possibly because most of the researches were conducted in the countries where softwood pulp fibres are commercial extensively khantayanuwong 2003 .

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Therefore, it is the purpose of the present research to crucially determine the effect of recycling treatment on some important properties of softwood pulp fibres. The goal of a recycled paper or board manufacturer is to make a product that meets customers΄ specification and requirements. At the present utilization rate, using recycled fibres in commodity grades such as newsprint and packaging paper and board has not caused noticeable deterioration in product quality and performance čabalová et al. The expected increase in recovery rates of used paper products will require a considerable consumption increase of recycled fibres in higher quality grades such as office paper and magazine paper. To promote expanded use of recovered paper, understanding the fundamental nature of recycled fibres and the differences from virgin fibres is necessary. Recycled pulp quality is, therefore, directly affected by the history of the fibres, i.e.