A mindmap that brings together the past papers for the ocr as amp a2 geography specification. A level geography a range of features ssociated with coastal erosion a range of features associated with coastal deposition the processes responsible for these features, including wave action and sub aerial processes the factors affecting the development of these features including rock type and structure, aspect and sea level change. The reasons why some coastal areas need to be protected the different methods of coastal protection, including hard and soft engineering and managed retreat the planning, management and environmental issues associated with different coastal protection methods. The variety of activities found in coastal areas the reasons for the growth and development of these different activities that conflicts may result from the growth and development of these activities past papers. The impact of climate and weathering on the physical landscape the way that ice and water shape the landscape to produce distinctive landforms, including cirques, arêtes, u shaped valleys, waterfalls, lakes, moraines and outwash plains. The impacts of climate on the nature of the ecosystem how both physical and human factors make the environment ecologically vulnerable. The ways in which cold environments provide economic opportunities, such as resource exploitation and recreation and tourism the ways in which the development of cold environments presents social, economic and environmental challenges, including: conflicts with indigenous populations costs of development environmental impacts.

How such fragile environments can be exploited for short term gains how careful management can help to ensure sustainable development in fragile environments. Processes amp landforms: the study of a river basin or river basins, to illustrate. A range of features associated with erosion in river systems a range of features associated with deposition in river systems the factors affecting the development of these features, including rock type and structure, slope, climate and sea level change the processes responsible for these features, including weathering, mass movement,erosion and deposition. Multi use resources: the study of at least two contrasting river environments to illustrate. The range of activities found in these areas the reasons for the growth and development of these activities that differing land uses may conflict in these areas.

Why some river basins are naturally vulnerable to flooding how development can increase the risk of flooding the social, economic and environmental impacts of flooding. Managing rivers amp their basins: the study of at least two contrasting river basins to illustrate. The varying need for planning and management in resolving development and flood risk issues, and possible landuse conflicts in river basins. The availability of finite and renewable resources in different parts of the world the physical, economic and political reasons for the variable pattern of energy supply over time and space. The study of the global pattern of energy use in relation to economic development, to include an examination of the statistical relationship between energy use and level of development. The study of two contrasting countries to illustrate: the energy use and mix associated with a highly developed economy the energy mix associated with a country at the lower end of the development spectrum why these differences occur. The study of two contrasting examples to illustrate: the social and economic opportunities created by the exploitation of energy resources, including employment, community development and economic sustainability the problems created by the exploitation of energy resources for people and the environment, including conflicts with indigenous populations, economic issues and environmental degradation.

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The study of at least one example to illustrate how energy demand can be satisfied in an increasingly sustainable way including the development of renewable energy resources. Changes in location and type of tourism the social, economic and political reasons for the growth of global tourism. To include an examination of the statistical relationship between levels of tourism and levels of development. The study of two contrasting countries to illustrate: how economic development has increased the demand for global and regional tourism how tourism can play a significant part in the economic development of an area why there is a relationship between tourism and development. The study of two contrasting examples to illustrate: the opportunities created by the growth of tourism for people and the environment, including employment, infrastructure, community development and environmental protection the problems created by the growth of tourism for people and the environment, including population displacement, changing community structure, social issues, seasonality and environmental degradation. The study of at least one example to illustrate how sustainable tourism, including eco tourism, operates in conjunction with communities and the environment. The range of functions found in urban areas including industrial, commercial, residential and recreational the land use patterns that develop in urban areas the social, economic, political and environmental factors that influence land use patterns.

Social amp economic issues: the study of two contrasting urban areas to illustrate. Why socio economic deprivation occurs the characteristics of urban deprivation, including economic wellbeing, housing and environmental quality and social conditions the social and economic differences existing in urban areas the problems of managing the growing demand for services such as health, education and public transport. The problems of traffic congestion and atmospheric pollution and their management the problems of managing increasing volumes of waste the problems of managing the growing demand for services such as water and sanitation how urban change can create areas of dereliction. Sustainable management: the study of at least one example to illustrate how planning and management practices are enabling urban areas to become increasingly sustainable.

The study of the processes and conditions that lead to mass movements: physical conditions including slope angle, weathering,vegetation, climate and weather, drainage and rock types and human activities including deforestation,adding weight, undercutting slopes, quarrying leading to the various types of mass movement processes involved in the main types of mass movement: slides, flows and creeps. The study of at least two mass movement events to illustrate: the interaction of physical and human factors in causing the hazard events the resulting impacts environmental, social and economic the human reaction in both short term emergency rescue and long term planning and management. The study of one river and one coastal area prone to flooding to illustrate: the physical factors involved including height, relief,drainage regime, climate,vegetation, rock type the human factors involved including settlement building,farming, deforestation,drainage the resulting impacts environmental, social and economic of flooding the human reaction in both the short term emergency rescue and long term planning and management.

Why do the impacts on human activity of such hazards vary over time and location. The study of contrasting examples to illustrate: a contrast between countries at either end of the development continuum and between rural and urban areas, to compare the impacts of, and reactions to,at least two contrasting types of earth hazards a comparison of impacts over short and long time periods for at least two contrasting types of earth hazards. The study of different approaches to managing earth hazards to illustrate: the extent to which earth hazards are predictable the management strategies used to reduce the possible impact of a hazard the effectiveness of managing earth hazards. What are the main components of ecosystems and environments and how do they change over time. The study of ecosystems to illustrate: the concept of open and closed systems the interconnections between stores and flows in an ecosystem, including energy flows how change occurs in an ecosystem as a result of the interaction of physical and human factors.

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What factors give the chosen ecosystem or environment its unique characteristics. The study of at least one local ecosystem or environment,eg woodland, dunes or a marsh,to illustrate: the threats to, and the impacts on, the physical environment posed by a range of human activities including: agriculture/forestry, settlement, transport,industry and mineral extraction the role that conservation can play in reducing the threats to the environment. Why does the impact of human activity on the physical environment vary over time and location. The study of the contrast between countries at either end of the development continuum to illustrate: the different ways human activity can impact on physical environments both positive and negative why the impact on physical environments may be increasing or decreasing with economic, social and technological development. The study of at least one example of sustainable environmental management of a located physical environment to illustrate: the ways in which physical environments can/may be managed including conservation, planning controls, restricted use.

How and why does the number and rate of growth of population vary over time and space. The study of how populations grow over time to illustrate: the roles of natural increase and net migration how population growth is related to concepts of overpopulation and under population global contrasts in population growth how the rate of growth is changing over time. The study of different types of resource to illustrate: the differences between renewable, non renewable,flow and semi renewable resources how changes in technology and society may result in changes in the definition of resources. The study of at least two resources including one non energy resource,eg mineral, foodstuff, fish,forestry, scenery, to illustrate: the physical factors including climate, geology, water, soil,vegetation influencing their supply and use the human factors including technology, capital, transport,population, industry,energy/power supplies,agriculture influencing their supply and use how and why these factors have changed with time. The study of the contrast between countries at either end of the development continuum in their resource supply and use to illustrate: the link between population size/growth and standard of living and the demand for different resources over time the different patterns of demand in medc, nic and ledc and how these change with population growth and the rate of development.

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In what ways does human activity attempt to manage the demand and supply of resources and development. The study of contrasting types ofmanagement and planningstrategies used to balancedemand and supply for at leasttwo different resources, toinclude: at least one case study ofattempts to make resourcedevelopment sustainable. The study of the processes of globalisation to illustrate: the meanings of globalisation in both economic and cultural terms the range of factors responsible for this process and the possible future trends. The study of the impact of globalisation to illustrate: the environmental, economic,social and political benefits and problems created in both a nic and a medc whether globalisation is increasing or narrowing the'development gap' with the aid of statistical analysis.

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What are transnational corporations tncs and what is their contribution to the countries in which they operate. The study of tncs to illustrate: how tncs may be defined and the ways in which they have developed over time two case studies of contrasting spatial and organisational structures the advantages and disadvantages to countries at either end of the development continuum of at least one tnc operation. The study of global trade patterns to illustrate: the structure, direction andimpact of trade for an example of each of a ledc, nic and medc the role of international trade negotiations and agreements. The study of global patterns of aid to illustrate: the different types of aid the advantages and disadvantages of aid for both donor and recipient countries examples of short term emergency aid and examples of long term development aid.

The study of the different ways of measuring and evaluating the impact of globalisation through a case study of how at least one country is managing the impacts of globalisation on its economy and society. June 2013 ‘the main impacts arising from mass movement events are environmental rather than social.’ how far do you agree? 30. Outline a geographical issue indicated and suggest appropriate strategies for its management. January 2011 to what extent is there a range of human responses to hazards associated with mass movement? 30. 1, which shows part of the river floodplain of the river elbe, germany, april 2006. January 2013to what extent do human factors contribute to risks from flooding? 30.

June 2011 ‘the impacts of flooding are essentially the same wherever they occur.’ discuss. 1, which shows areas at risk from river and coastal flooding at inverness, northern scotland. January 2010 ‘risks from flooding owe more to physical factors than human factors.’ how far do you agree with this view? 30. 1, a scattergraph showing the relationship between earthquake magnitude and deaths. June 2010 to what extent is the impact of an earthquake related to its strength? 30. January 2010 assess the extent to which primary rather than secondary impacts are the more serious effects arising from volcanic eruptions.