Published: 23, march 2015 over the course of a lifetime, human beings make countless decisions, most of which are repeated decisions. In repetitive decision making, individuals can rely on their prior knowledge and experiences. Consider, for instance, product decisions: malls, catalogue companies, internet auctions, and other types of markets offer consumers a virtually infinite set of possibilities to satisfy their needs. Fortunately, adult decision makers already know a lot about groceries, clothes, household devices, computers, tvs, or automobiles.

They already hold preferences for certain brands, they can rely on advice from friends and consumer magazines, and, most important, they have a huge repertoire of behavioral routines. Development of routines allows decision makers to maintain mastery of the situation 1 . Once a behavioral solution to a decision problem has been learned and stored in memory, individuals can use this knowledge when they reencounter the same kind of problem. Under situational and processing constraints, routinization enables individuals to quickly arrive at a decision. Who wrote this essay request removal example essays recurrent decision making involves feedback learning.

In most cases, the behavior's consequences indicate whether one has made a good or bad choice. Once a good or satisfying solution to a decision problem has been formulated, it can be added to the routine repertoire. Therefore, decision makers who are confronted with familiar decision problems can capitalize on their behavioral knowledge. They become aware of potential solutions on recognition of the situation klein, 19. In contrast, individuals facing a novel decision problem are ignorant in the beginning otherwise these problems would not have been novel to them. They must search for behavioral candidates, evaluate the consequences of these behaviors, and apply some sort of decision rule to identify a promising solution.

As such, experience makes an important difference: recurrent decisions are anchored on learned solutions or routines, whereas novel decisions are not. As we see later, routines systematically influence each step of the decision process. Non governmental organizations ngos have become relevant and interesting subjects of study in the social sciences, not only because of their substantial growth in numbers, but also because ngos are claimed to represent a distinctive category of organizations that differs from market or state organizations. Many attempts have been made to categorize and study non governmental organizations in comparison to state and market actors 2 the literature is just as diverse as the ngo community itself. Various explanations exist, but they all are functional in character ngos exist because they are believed to perform better than state and market organizations or to complement state and market activities. Second, the literature focuses on explaining the expansion of the ngo community in the past decades. This expansion is predominantly explained by the promise for successful performance of ngos.

However, this promise did not uphold, the performance of ngos appeared problematic. This initiated a third strand of ngo research into the exploration of ngo problems in relation to ngo characteristics and ngo behavior. However, there is legitimate reason to question the assumption that ngos can be treated as a coherent group of actors. A fourth strand of research therefore focuses on the study of diversity within the ngo community, as a way to explore causes of variety in ngo behavior and performance.

3 ngos are often presented to be the solution to many problems: they are believed to be able to complement, substitute, or countervail state or market organizations, thereby compensating for market or state failure. For example, ngos would meet 'residual demand' not covered by state organizations public goods theory or ngos are the logical providers of services that are characterized by information asymmetry, because for profit organizations can take advantage of this asymmetry contract failure theory 4 . Others argue that ngos are capable to 'work easily with or complement the resources of family and informal networks 5 . It is also argued that ngos are solutions to the free rider problem that the state often experiences and it gives the state a way out to deal with diversity, to minimize bureaucratization, and to enhance experimentation. In addition, it gives the state a way out with concern to insoluble, political, and sensitive social problems 6 . Ngos or better known as non governmental organisations are non profitable organisations that pursue social aims that involve political aspects but are not political parties. As it sounds, ngos maintain its non governmental status by excluding participation from government representatives as members in the organisations.

Ngo is usually run by a specially elected chairperson who is responsible to the operation of the organisation completely. �insider’ groups have the advantage in policy making as they maintain a close relationship with policy makers. Such groups are trying to secure their aims and objectives by building up their network from inside and thus, the name of ‘insider’ group. On the other hand, ‘outsider’ groups are more dependent on the public with the help of media in promoting their aims. It is said that ngos are a better channel for society to voice out their concerns rather than political parties. As ngo members are not representing the government and mainly comprise by members who are local citizens on their own, ngos are believed to give a fairer judgement on issues.

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This is because, in order to understand a situation, one must be in that situation so that effective solutions can be made and implemented and in this context, it is the local citizens who are voicing for themselves as they know exactly what are the problems the society is facing. Ngos are flexible in becoming accustomed to local conditions and responding to the local needs. For that reason, they can experiment freely with new approaches and take risks if necessary. With their doors open and ability to reach out to the citizens, people find it much more comfortable to speak out their hearts to ngos without the fear of being imprisoned or facing penalty. Another major advantage of ngos being a reliable channel for commoners is that they have the capability of communicating at all levels.

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This means that they can easily interact with the local people and relay their messages to the top levels of the government. We, for one, must acknowledge the efforts ngos had been doing for the past few years. Ngos have advocated and raised issues, concerns and needs for a specific user group. They raised point of view or general public interest that is not yet covered by legislation or other policy documents, instruments and measures. Furthermore, ngos share their findings with the public after reaching out to citizens.

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In addition, ngos also have experts with the knowledge on specific topics, playing a key role in setting the political agenda. Their analysis and researches identify current and future needs in society and provide crucial perspectives. We understand that there are eight different orientations in ngos as in accord to puhle 2001 such as professional associations, business, commerce and industry groups, trade unions, agricultural associations, single issue interest groups, ideological groups, public interest groups and welfare associations. This is a very systematic organisation where different issues can be channeled separately. For one, we often doubt whether donations that have been made go directly to the. Additional insights into nongovernmental organizations ngos are offered by beyond intractability project participants. Nongovernmental organizations, or ngos, are generally accepted to be organizations which have not been established by governments or agreements among governments.