time: 2016 02 22 1:08 utc 1456143548 reporting this problem: the problem you have encountered is with a project web site hosted by sourceforge.net. This issue should be reported to the sourceforge.net hosted project not to sourceforge.net. if this is a severe or recurring/persistent problem, please do one of the following, and provide the error text numbered 1 through 7, above:

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if you are a maintainer of this web content, please refer to the site documentation regarding web services for further assistance. This option may be re enabled by the project by placing a file with the name .htaccess with this line: for ssrn papers, for grant applications, sometimes for law review articles, and other purposes, we often have to write abstracts. An abstract should make the project seem compelling and well written, and cause the reader to want to know more.

How do you make sure your abstract holds the readers attention rather than turns them away? a few thoughts: 1. Abstracts sometimes look like a last minute afterthought, inelegantly written, and conveying little of a papers substance. The writing in the abstract should be as good or better than in the paper, or at least as clear or clearer. If it is worse awkward or confusing, when your paper is a crisp and compelling read , the abstract will not draw readers who would have valued your paper.

To avoid this, find a friend to read and critique or at least proof your abstract. Some advice: when your friend or family member criticizes your abstract, do not become defensive or dismissive. If you dont like their suggestions, they might still be flagging something that needs attention. Perhaps your abstract is unclear, and you can edit it in a different way than they suggest.

If you cant state it clearly, youre still working it out, and the paper may not be ready to post. Every project cannot be boiled down to a sound bite, but with a complex project, find a focused way of conveying the projects central theme. What is new and original about your paper? describe your research, your findings, whatever it is that makes your paper special. If the point of your paper is to challenge a central line of argument in the preexisting literature, say so in the abstract. If you have a five part paper with fifteen subsections, do not summarize each subpart. So whats the ideal length? many good ssrn abstracts are between 200 and 500 words.

If the abstract is for a grant proposal, pitch your project to the funding criteria in the abstract. For example, if the program funds projects on religious and ethical values, mention the way your project engages religious and ethical values. If the abstract is for a general reader, dont use specialized terms that need to be defined. Since ssrn abstracts that appear on blogs can be found through internet search engines, include terms that will enable yours to come up in the right searches. Having trouble getting started? find an abstract that you like, and use it as a model. Some very different recent ssrn abstracts i like they are clear, make the projects compelling, and make me want to read the papers are here.

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more advice: tips about abstract writing in other fields are here and here. 264 2016 business entities play important and underappreciated roles in the production of international treaties. At the same time, international treaty law is hobbled by state centric presumptions that render its response to business ad hoc and unprincipled.

First, it draws from case studies to demonstrate the significance of business participation in treaty production. The descriptive account invites a shift from attention to traditional lobbying at the domestic level and private standard setting at the transnational level to the ways business entities have become autonomous international actors, using a panoply of means to transform their preferred policies into law. Second, the article analyzes the significance of these descriptive facts, identifying an important set of questions raised by business roles in treaty production. Specifically, business participation could affect the success or failure of treaties along a number of different axes that this article identifies: participation, process, substance, and compliance. Third, observing that scholars and lawmakers could seize an opportunity to design a theoretically principled legal response to business roles in treaty production, the article identifies both potential legal structures and reasons why law in this arena could be beneficial. Among other reasons, law could facilitate treaty effectiveness along the dimensions this article identifies enhance treaty legitimacy by ensuring that decisionmakers are accountable to the relevant stakeholders and foster rule of law values such as certainty and procedural stability, which could aid public and private participants alike. Ultimately, the facts the article describes present a choice: international law can respond in real time to business roles in treaty production, or it can let those roles evolve as they will, with uncertain and possibly enduring results.

322 2016 when a judge finds that a statute violates the constitution, the statute must give way. But in many cases, there is more than one way for a judge to remedy the conflict between a statute and the constitution. And in choosing which remedy to impose, there is usually no external source of law telling the judge what to do. How should judges exercise this discretion? in the american tradition, it is taken for granted that judges should use restraint they should select the remedy that disrupts the statute as little as possible. But, as this article shows, there are two conflicting approaches to judicial restraint when choosing constitutional remedies. One approach, herein labeled editorial restraint, holds that judges should assume as little power to change legislation as possible.

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It posits a sliding scale of judicial interventions adding language to a statute is worse than striking down language, which is worse than striking down an application, which is worse than adopting an avoidance interpretation. The other approach, herein labeled purpose preservation, focuses instead on finding the remedy that does the least damage to the legislature’s goals. That remedy might involve adding language, striking down language, striking down an application, or adopting an avoidance interpretation what matters is the intervention’s substantive effect on the statute and the legislative purpose. These two approaches are manifested in relatively pure form in the laws of england which adopts editorial restraint and canada which adopts purpose preservation , while the american doctrine of constitutional remedies is an untheorized, heterodox, and often incoherent mix of both. This article explores several different aspects of the american doctrine of constitutional remedies, showing that it sometimes follows the logic of editorial restraint and sometimes the logic of purpose preservation and, sometimes, that it purports to follow one but in fact follows the other.

The article then argues that purpose preservation is the superior approach, and ought to be explicitly embraced in the united states. This is so because editorial restraint relies on false distinctions there is no meaningful difference between adding language to a statute, striking down language, striking down applications, or adopting an avoidance interpretation. These remedial categories blur together in practice, and none is a greater intrusion into the legislative sphere than any other. Purpose preservation, while not a perfect approach, at least safeguards the principle that majoritarian legislatures’ goals should determine the content of the statutes they enact.