this page is brought to you by the owl at purdue . Apa american psychological association style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6 th edition, second printing of the apa manual, offers examples for the general format of apa research papers, in text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the publication manual of the american psychological association. Paiz, elizabeth angeli, jodi wagner, elena lawrick, kristen moore, michael anderson, lars soderlund, allen brizee, russell keck please note: there are no spaces used with brackets in apa. Please note, too, that the owl still includes information about print sources and databases for those still working with these sources.

article from an online periodical

online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles.

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Include all information the online host makes available, including an issue number in parentheses. Retrieved from

online scholarly journal article: citing dois

please note. According to the apa style guide to electronic references, 6 th edition. If, however, it is presented as the newer alpha numeric string, use that as the doi. Because online materials can potentially change urls, apa recommends providing a digital object identifier doi , when it is available, as opposed to the url. Many but not all publishers will provide an article's doi on the first page of the document.

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Note that some online bibliographies provide an article's doi but may hide the code under a button which may read article or may be an abbreviation of a vendor's name like crossref or pubmed. This button will usually lead the user to the full article which will include the doi. Find doi's from print publications or ones that go to dead links with crossref.org's doi resolver, which is displayed in a central location on their home page.

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Playing with technology: mother toddler interaction scores lower during play with electronic toys.

article from an online periodical with no doi assigned

online scholarly journal articles without a doi require the url of the journal home page. Remember that one goal of citations is to provide your readers with enough information to find the article providing the journal home page aids readers in this process. Retrieved from

article from a database

please note: apa states that including database information in citations is not necessary because databases change over time p. However, the owl still includes information about databases for those users who need database information.

When referencing a print article obtained from an online database such as a database in the library , provide appropriate print citation information formatted just like a normal print citation would be for that type of work. By providing this information, you allow people to retrieve the print version if they do not have access to the database from which you retrieved the article. You can also include the item number or accession number or database url at the end, but the apa manual says that this is not required. If you are citing a database article that is available in other places, such as a journal or magazine, include the homepage's url. If the article is difficult to locate, then you can provide database information. For more about citing articles retrieved from electronic databases, see pages 187 192 of the publication manual. Retrieved from if you only cite an abstract but the full text of the article is also available, cite the online abstract as any other online citations, adding abstract after the article or source name.

However, if the full text is not available, you may use an abstract that is available through an abstracts database as a secondary source. Retrieved from

electronic books

electronic books may include books found on personal websites, databases, or even in audio form. Use the following format if the book you are using is only provided in a digital format or is difficult to find in print.

If the work is not directly available online or must be purchased, use available from, rather than retrieved from, and point readers to where they can find it. For books available in print form and electronic form, include the publish date in parentheses after the author's name. For references to e book editions, be sure to include the type and version of e book you are referencing e.g.

Available from to cite kindle or other e book formats you must include the following information: the author, date of publication, title, e book version, and either the digital object identifer doi number, or the place where you downloaded the book. Please note that the doi/place of download is used in place of publisher information. Retrieved from amazon.com

chapter/section of a web document or online book chapter

author, a. Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a url that links directly to the chapter section, not the home page of the web site.

online book reviews

cite the information as you normally would for the work you are quoting. The first example below is from a newspaper article the second is from a scholarly journal.

Provide the web address after the words retrieved from, if the review is freely available to anyone. If the review comes from a subscription service or database, write available from and provide the information where the review can be purchased. New millennial joyce review of the books twenty first joyce, joyce's critics: transitions in reading and culture, and joyce's messianism: dante, negative existence, and the messianic self . Available from project muse web site:

dissertation/thesis from a database

biswas, s. dopamine d3 receptor: a neuroprotective treatment target in parkinson's disease.

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Aat 3295214 often encyclopedias and dictionaries do not provide bylines authors' names. Retrieved from point readers to raw data by providing a web address use retrieved from or a general place that houses data sets on the site use available from . Retrieved from give the name of the researching organization followed by the date. In brackets, provide a brief explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears.

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