this descriptive summary of the literature provides an overview of the available studies published between january 1980 and january 2009 on correlates of help seeking behavior for hearing loss, hearing aid uptake, hearing aid use, and satisfaction with the device. Publications were identified by structured searches in pubmed and cinahl and by inspecting the reference lists of relevant articles. The articles covered different stages that a person with hearing impairment may go through: prior to hearing aid fitting, the period covering the fitting and the period post hearing aid fitting. Inclusion of articles occurred according to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirty nine papers were included that identified 31 factors examined in relation to the four outcome measures.

The vast majority of studies showed no relationship of age and gender with any of the outcome domains. Whereas research of the last 28 years yielded valuable information regarding relevant and irrelevant factors in hearing aid health care, there are still many relevant issues that have never been investigated in controlled studies. Doi: 10.1/j.1365 2648.2004.031.x men's health health service research gender issues nursing literature review aim.

Ensp this paper reviews the key research literature regarding men's health related help seeking behaviour. Ensp there is a growing body of research in the united states to suggest that men are less likely than women to seek help from health professionals for problems as diverse as depression, substance abuse, physical disabilities and stressful life events. Previous research has revealed that the principle health related issue facing men in the uk is their reluctance to seek access to health services. Ensp the investigation of men's health related help seeking behaviour has great potential for improving both men and women's lives and reducing national health costs through the development of responsive and effective interventions. A search of the literature was conducted using cinahl, medline, embase, psychinfo and the cochrane library databases. Ensp studies comparing men and women are inadequate in explaining the processes involved in men's help seeking behaviour. However, the growing body of gender specific studies highlights a trend of delayed help seeking when they become ill.

A prominent theme among white middle class men implicates lsquo traditional masculine behaviour rsquo as an explanation for delays in seeking help among men who experience illness. The reasons and processes behind this issue, however, have received limited attention. Ensp principally, the role of masculine beliefs and the similarities and differences between men of differing background requires further attention, particularly given the health inequalities that exist between men of differing socio economic status and ethnicity. Further research using heterogeneous samples is required in order to gain a greater understanding of the triggers and barriers associated with the decision making process of help seeking behaviour in men who experience illness. This paper reviews the literature on help seeking behavior among adult victims of crime. Specifically, the paper summarizes prevalence rates for formal and informal help seeking and reviews predictors of and barriers to service use following victimization. Research suggests that only a small fraction of crime victims seek help from formal support networks however, many seek support from informal sources.

Several variables are associated with increased likelihood of formal help seeking, although the manner in which these variables affect reporting behavior is not clear. From this review, it is concluded that much remains to be learned regarding patterns of help seeking among victims of crime. Crime victimization represents an important public health problem in the united states.

Epidemiological data from the bureau of justice statistics' national crime victimization survey indicate that 5.2 million violent crimes rape/sexual assault, robbery, and physical assault and 17.5 million property crimes burglary, theft were committed against individuals aged 12 and older in 2007 rand, 2008 . According to data from the centers for disease control and prevention's behavioral risk factor surveillance system, roughly 25% of women and 16% of men interviewed in 2005 reported lifetime exposure to at least one form of intimate partner violence breiding, black, x026 ryan, 2008 . Further, data consistently show that when individuals experience a physical or sexual assault, they are at elevated risk for re victimization later in life classen, palesh, x026 aggarwal, 2005 . Due to the high rates of crime victimization and concomitant mental health and medical problems in the general population, patterns of help seeking among adult crime victims represent an important area of investigation.

Distinctions are commonly made in the help seeking literature between formal and informal sources of support. Formal helpers include trained professionals, such as law enforcement officials, mental health workers, and physicians. Informal helpers include members of informal social networks, such as family and friends.

Essay Books on Current Affairs

To our knowledge, no comprehensive review of the help seeking literature has been published to date. Thus, in this paper, we attempt to synthesize existing data on formal and informal help seeking among victims of crime. For this review, we limit our focus to help seeking among crime victims because we believe that crime victimization represents a unique form of traumatic stress. For example, crime victims are the recipients of intentional victimization perpetrated by others, and the perception of intentionality of the criminal act is likely to complicate victims' reactions to their victimization janoff bulman, 1985 . Further, crime victimization has the potential to be redressed by actions taken within the justice system, opening potential avenues for compensation and resolution that are not typically available in other forms of traumatic stress. Thus, we believe that the help seeking experiences of crime victims are likely to differ in many ways from individuals exposed to other trauma types e.g. Our review begins with a summary of the prevalence rates for help seeking behavior following crime victimization.

Mba Application Essay Books

Then, using the help seeking model developed by andersen 1995 as an organizing framework, we review factors that have been identified as predictors and barriers to formal and informal service use among crime victims. According to the andersen model, the primary determinants of help seeking behavior include predisposing characteristics, enabling resources, and need. Age, gender, ethnicity, education, income, marital status that might influence help seeking whenever a need arises. Enabling resources refer to factors at the individual and community level that can either facilitate or impede service use e.g. Need refers to an individual's subjective perception of need or to an evaluative need provided by a professional.

Here, we attempt to organize our review of the help seeking literature in the context of these three broad domains. Manuscripts published prior to 2010 were located using descriptor/index term based searching in psychinfo, pilots, and medline. In addition, free text searching was used in all three databases using the words x0201c service use x0201d and x0201c reporting behavior x0201d cross referenced with x0201c crime, x0201d x0201c rape, x0201d x0201c assault, x0201d and x0201c domestic violence. X0201d the reference lists of relevant articles were reviewed to identify papers that might have been missed in the electronic searches. The one exception pertains to our review of the literature on barriers to help seeking among victims of crime. Therefore, the results from a few qualitative reports are included to provide information on crime victims' thought processes and concerns related to help seeking and service use.

Research indicates that the utilization of formal support services by victims of crime is relatively low campbell, 2008 davies, block, x026 campbell, 2007 kaukinen, 2002 . According to data from the national crime victimization survey, only 46% of violent crimes were reported to law enforcement in 2007. The type of crime most frequently reported to police was robbery 66% , followed by aggravated assault 57% , rape/sexual assault 42% , and simple assault 41% rand, 2008 . Further, among a sample of female victims of x0201c severe x0201d intimate partner violence participating in the chicago women's health risk study, only about 43% said that they contacted the police following any of their experiences with assault davies et al.