God has blessed pakistan with abandoned water resources, with water flowing down the himalayas and karakorum heights, from the worlds largest glaciers, a free and unique bounty of nature for this land of alluvial plains. As a result of this natural resource, today we have the worlds marvelous and the largest irrigation system that irrigates over 16 million hectors of land, out of 34 million hectors of cultivable land available. But unfortunately as we all know that now a days our country is facing severe shortage of water.

There are two main reasons, one natural due to prolong drought which is beyond the control of a man, and the other due to the gross negligence in the development and mis management of water resources. Water reservoirs / capacities: pakistan is having three basic reservoirs, namely mangla dam reservoir, terbela dam reservoir and chashma barrage reservoir. More small reservoirs like warsak, baran dam hub, khanpur, tanda, rawal, simly, bakht khan hamal lake, mancher lake, kinjhar lake and chotiari lake arealso included as small storage. Gross capacity of 11.62 maf and a live storage capacity of 9.68 maf in terbela dam which has now reduce to 7.295 due to silting, in mangla dam presently storage capacity is 4.636 maf water actual capacity was 5.41 and chasma barrage capacity is also reduce from 0.717 to 0.435 maf. The basic utilization is for irrigation and then used for power generation, drinking and also provided to some industries. As i said earlier that agriculture is our backbone and the water flowing in the channels to the crops is its blood lineand if there is no or less water then we should be prepared for facing problems economically as well as socially. According to the estimates of federal government, the agriculture sector would suffer a loss of about rs.

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A less water means less agricultural yields and to fulfill the food requirements of the nation, we will be dependent on other countries. It is also an important economic activity, which contributes 9.7% of gdp, will be affected due to shortage of water. C orchards of pakistan bring home a healthy amount of foreign exchange, which can be affected due water shortage. D due to less production of main crops, which are wheat, cotton, sugar cane and rice, the industries related to them will suffer adversely. E then due to drought and more dependency on ground water for irrigation, the water table will go down, and this will cause water constrains to the population.

F less agricultural outputs will compel people to head towards urban areas for jobs, which will increase the unemployment further. G the distribution of water is controlled from the center by irsa indus river system authority as per 1991 agreement between the provinces. Now the shortage of water will cause disputes between the provinces, which may cause harm to the national integrity. The national water strategy must be based upon two essential elements covering the water development strategy is largely based upon construction of new storage reservoirs where as the water management strategy will help in reducing the present losses in this construction of following dams should start immediately: from these projects we shall be able to store additional 20maf of water. Seepage results in water logging and these losses can be reduced or eliminated by lining the canals. Presently irrigation department has failed to stop the illegal theft and extraction thus irrigation distribution system needs to be privatized through water user associations. Implementation of the recommendations will enable the country to meet the challenges, and achieve the objectives of integrated, efficient, environmentally and financially sustainable development and management of limited water resources.

At the same time it will enable us to utilize every drop of our water for our bright future. It is pertinent to mention that tarbela`s 4th extension project is a part of least cost energy generation plan, being implemented by wapda water and power development authority on priority to harness indigenous hydropower resources of the country. It is pertinent to mention that tarbela`s 4th extension project is a part of least cost. Vol: 11 no: 05 38 electrical energy crisis in pakistan and their possible solutions dr,m. Agricultural biomass /biodiesel energy is considered to be life line of any economy and most vital instrument of socioeconomic development of a country.

Energy is pivotal in running machinery in factories and industrial units, for lighting our cities and powering our vehicles etc. There has been an enormous increase in the demand of energy as a result of industrial development and population growth, in comparison to enhancement in energy production. Supply of energy is, therefore, far less than the actual demand, resultantly crisis has emerged. An energy crisis can be defined as any great bottleneck or price rise in the supply of energy resources to an economy. pakistans energy sector: pakistans energy infrastructure is not well developed, rather it is considered to be underdeveloped and poorly managed. Despite of strong economic growth and rising energy demand during past decade, no serious efforts have been made to install new capacity of generation.

Moreover, rapid demand growth, transmission losses due to outdated infrastructure, power theft, and seasonal reductions in the availability of hydropower have worsened the situation. Consequently, the demand exceeds supply and hence load shedding is a common phenomenon through power shutdown. During 2009 10, energy supply and per capita availability of energy witnessed a decline of 0.64 % and 3.09 % respectively in comparison to previous year.

Pakistan needs around 15,0 to 20 mw electricity per day, however, currently it is able to produce about 11,500 mw per day hence there is a shortfall of about 40 to 90 mw per day. Pakistans energy consumption is met by mix of gas, oil, electricity, coal and lpg sources with different level of shares. Share of gas consumption stood at 43.7 %, followed by oil 29.0 percent, electricity 15.3 percent, coal 10.4 percent and lpg 1.5 percent. sources of energy in pakistan: 3.1 non renewable resources fossil fuels: limited expensive non renewable resources are primarily fossil fuels emanating from remains/decomposition of animals and plants deposited deep into the earth crust and converted into oil and gas. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas lpg.

Water is precious, use it wisely says a notice placed in the bathroom of a five star hotel in karachi. There could not be a sounder piece of advice but it should be given not only to the guests of the five star hotels but also to the entire citizenry of pakistan. Pakistan is rapidly moving to the situation when it will begin to be ranked among the countries that have severe shortages of fresh water. Man uses water much in the same way as other animals he has to drink it constantly, washes in it frequently, and drowns in it occasionally probably oftener than other terrestrial vertebrates. Without water, he dies as miserably as any other beast and with too much of it, as in floods, he is equally unable to cope. There are three basic uses of water in the modern civilization agriculture, industry and human consumption. Using water wisely in these three uses is one way of saving the country from economic and social disaster.