A positive population policy which aims at reducing the birth rate and ultimately stabilising the growth rate of population. In india, where the majority of people are illiterate, fatalist, and custom ridden, and do not believe in family planning, only the government’s initiative can help in controlling population growth. India with only 2.4 per cent of the global surface area sustains 102.7 crore population which is 16.7 per cent of the world population, as on march 1, 2001. With the process of development since 1951, the death rate has declined below 8 per thousand whereas the birth rate continues to be around 25 per thousand. Consequently, the population growth rate remains at a very high level of about 2 per cent. The addition of 18.1 crore persons to india’s population between 1991 2001 was more than the population of brazil, the fifth most populous country of the world.

This frightening growth rate of population has aggravated the problems of poverty, unemployment and inequalities. There has been a gross neglect of social sectors like primary education, basic health and social security. the population policy of the government of india has passed through the following phases from time to time: before independence, the britishers did not consider population growth as a problem. Their attitude towards birth control was one of indifference because they never wanted to interfere with the values, beliefs, customs and traditions of indians. However, the intelligensia in india was aware of the problem of growing population and did advocate birth control.

Wattal was the pioneer who wrote a book on population problem in india in 1916, followed by r.d. Sapru, jawaharlal nehru and bhore committee among others who advocated birth control. Gandhiji also favoured birth control but emphasised natural methods like self control or abstinence and safe period instead of artificial methods of birth control. Gunnar myrdal wrote about this period thus: during the last time of british colonialism, the intelligensia prepared background thoughts related to birth control. The logical and systematic policies of birth control were put in force after independence.

2. the period of neutrality, 1947 51: the period following independence and before the beginning of the planning era was one of neutrality. The government of india was busy with the post independence problems like rehabilitation of the people following the partition, reorganisation of the states and pakistan’s invasion of kashmir. However, at one of the meetings of the planning commission in 1949, jawaharlal nehru laid emphasis on the need for family planning programme in india. 3. the period of experimentation, 1951 61: during the first decade 1951 61 of planned economic development, family planning as a method of population control was started as a government programme in india. The national family planning programme was launched in 1952 with the objective of reducing birth rate to the extent necessary to stabilise the population at a level consistent with the requirement of the national economy. It was based on clinical approach to provide service to those who were motivated to visit family planning centres set up by the government. 4. the beginning of the population control policy 1961 to 20: with the rapid growth of population in the 1961 census by 21.5 per cent, the extension approach to family planning was adopted in the third plan.

This approach emphasised the adoption of an educational approach to family planning through panchayat samitis, village development committees and other groups so as to change the attitudes, behaviour and knowledge of the people towards family planning. Under it, the couples were given advice on different types of family planning methods to be adopted. For the effective working of the family planning programme, a separate department of family welfare was created in the ministry of health and family planning in 1966. High priority was accorded to the family planning programme during the fourth plan by allocating rs. For this, efforts were to be directed towards: a social acceptability for a small family b increasing information and knowledge about family planning methods both in urban and rural areas and c making available the various devices and equipment to the couples. Another important measure was the integration of family planning services with health, maternity and child health care and nutrition. To make this programme more effective, selective approach was adopted under which couples in the reproductive age group of 25 to 35 years were persuaded to undergo sterilisation.

To control this, the fifth plan laid down the ambitious target of reducing the birth rate to 30 per 10 by the end of the plan 1978 79 and to 25 per 10 by 1983 84. For achieving this, it proposed to protect 33 per cent of couples against conception by 1978 79 against 16 17 per cent at the end of the fourth plan. To implement it, monetary incentive was given to couples undergoing sterilisation. This was followed by compulsory sterilisation under the national emergency in 1975.

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for the first time, national population policy was announced in 1976 to mount a direct assault on the problem of numbers. Its salient features were: 1 to raise the age of marriage for girls to 18 years and for boys to 21 years 2 to take special measures to raise the level of female education in all states 3 raising the monetary incentive to persons undergoing sterilisation according to the number of children in the family and 4 additional incentives to government employees undergoing sterilisation, having upto two children. As a result, the number of sterilisations rose from 9.4 lakh in 1973 74 to 82.6 lakh in 1976 77. But this was due to the adoption of compulsory sterilisation by the majority of state governments. Taking advantage of the emergency, many states resorted to unfair and coercive methods to sterilise people of all ages. in the post emergency period, the janata government announced a new population policy in 1977.

The main features of this policy were: a renaming the family planning programme into family welfare programme b fixing the marriage age for girls at 18 years and for boys at 21 years. This has been implemented by the child marriage restraint amendment act, 1978 c making sterilisation voluntary d including population education as part of normal course of study e monetary incentive to those who go in for sterilization and tubectomy f private companies to be exempted in corporate taxes if they popularise birth control measures among employees g use of media for spreading family planning in rural areas, etc. This policy put an end to compulsory sterilisation and laid emphasis on voluntary sterilization.

As a result, the number of sterilizations fell from 82.6 lakh in 1976 77 to 9 lakh in 1977 78. The sixth plan laid down the long term demographic goal of reducing the net reproduction rate nrr to 1 by 20 by reducing crude birth rate to 21, crude death rate to 9, infant mortality rate to less than 60 per 10, and couple protection rate cpr to 60 per cent. The goal of attaining nrr of 1 was revised to 2006 11 in the seventh plan by reducing crude birth rate to 29, crude death rate to 10.4, infant mortality rate to 90 per 10, and couple protection rate to 42 per cent. To make it successful, it intensified family planning and maternity and child health programmes. To achieve the goal of nrr of 1, the eighth plan extended it to the period 2011 16.

The targets laid down during the plan were crude birth rate at 26, infant mortality at 70 per 10 and couple protection rate to 56 per cent. To achieve these, the government replaced the earlier population control approach by the reproductive and child health approach in october 1997 to stabilise population and improve quality of life. It led to several new schemes for improving quality and coverage of welfare services for women, children and adolescents such as child survival, safe motherhood programme, and universal immunisation programme uip , reproductive tract infections rti , etc. During the ninth plan, the earlier approach of using nrr net reproduction rate of 1.0 was changed to a total fertility rate tfr of 2.1.

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Further, with increased rch reproductive and child health , the targets laid down by the end of the ninth plan 2002 had been infant mortality rate of 50 per 10, crude birth rate of 23, total fertility rate of 2.6 and cpr of 60 per cent. In 2001, the national policy for empowerment of women was adopted with the ultimate objective of ensuring women their rightful place in society by empowering them as agents of socio economic change and development. Women empowerment is, therefore, an important approach adopted in the tenth five year plan for the development of women.

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To this effect, a national plan of action for empowerment of women, with a view to translating the national policy of empowerment of women into action in a time bound manner has been adopted as a priority agenda for action by the department of women and child development dwcd of the ministry of hrd. So the government’s population policy has shifted from population control to family welfare and to women empowerment. expenditure on family welfare: table 32.1 shows the provision for expenditure on family welfare in various five year plans up to the tenth plan. It was only from the sixth plan that it had been increasing both in absolute terms and as percentage of total plan outlay. As the percentage of total plan outlay, it ranged between 1.3 to 1.4 per cent up to the eighth plan. This shows that except during the ninth plan, the government did not provide adequate financial assistance to the family welfare programme.

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It was in the ninth plan that the government announced the national population policy on 15 february, 20 which is discussed here in detail. India’s population reached 100 crore on may 11, 20 and it is estimated that if current trends of population increase continue she will become the most populous country in the world by 2045 when it would overtake china. During the 20th century, india’s population increased nearly five times from 23 crore to 100 crore, while during the same period world’s population increased nearly three times from 200 crore to 600 crore. With 1.55 crore current annual increase in population, it seems difficult to maintain a balance to conserve the resource endowment and environment in the country. For promoting sustainable development with more equitable distribution, there is an urgent need to stabilize population. To meet the reproductive and child health needs of the people of india and to achieve tfr by 2010, the provision of policy framework for advancing goals and priorities to various strategies is available in the national population policy announced on 15 february, 20.