Enzymes are a protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of the reaction without being consumed by the reaction. The enzymes are individuals, like the different players on a ball team, they have different specific structures and jobs. As one ball player may be very tall and one short, the specific different shape of the active site on an enzyme is unique and prepares it to mix with a certain substrate. While the two are joined, the substrate is converted to its product by catalytic action of the enzyme. There is an active site of the enzyme molecule which is a restricted region that actually attaches to the substrate. Usually the active site is formed by only a few of the enzyme's amino acids, the rest is just the framework that reinforces the active site.

In an enzymatic reaction, the substrate enters the active site then is held in place by weak bonds. Now the enzyme does its work and first changes shape so it can hold onto the substrate. Next the substrate is changed to its product, the product is released and the enzymes active site is ready and waiting for another molecule of substrate.

Amylase is an enzyme in human saliva and in other organisms and its substrate is starch. When the hydrolysis the breaking of a chemical bond with the insertion of the ions of a water molecule of starch is complete you are left with a disaccharide called maltose. Enzymes are necessary for metabolic reactions, the question i pose is this do variances of temperature, ph, substrate and enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction? in conclusion, the ph of the applesauce after it had been mixed with an additional substance did affect the amount of concentration produced by a substance.

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The lower the ph number of a substance was the more acidic it was and the more juice it could produce. But the closer a number was to 7 or more, the more neutral or basic a substance was, and this caused the substance to produce less juice. My hypothesis was correct, and my data showed that the containers of applesauce that were made more acidic when mixed with an additional substance made more juice and were catalysts for this experiment. My company, whom i am influencing to buy my product, pectinase, saw that my pectinase surely did produce juice more quickly and efficiently than other pectinase manufacturers. My pectinase has a high acidity as supported by the ph of it and reacted well with other substances such as applesauce that caused the activation and reaction rate of the applesauce to increase. Lastly, the ph of my pectinase will make your wines and juices not only easy and fast to make but also delectable. First i would have liked to test more independent variables that i would have gotten phs and the amount of juice produced from.

I thought that there weren rsquo t enough additional substances mixed with the applesauce that i would have used to support my data more. Second, i had to put many revisions on my procedures because the experiment before that i tested did not test the amount of juice produced by the applesauce properly because the amount of applesauce being tested did not provide an accurate measurement. To recapitulate, even though my experiment didn rsquo t go as planned i have learned a tremendous amount of information that included the relationship between ph and the amount of juice produced, how acids, bases, and neutral substances can increase or decrease the amount of juice produced, that acids are catalysts in a chemical reaction, and a great deal of information about enzymes. Some other experiments such as testing the temperature of each substance and seeing how the temperature affects the ph of the substance would be another adequate experiment to test. Later the amount of juice produced could be tested and would show maybe a different reading on how ph affects the amount of juice produced. The table above shows the results of our experiment where we investigated what would happen to the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction if we varied the amount of substrate.

Our table shows the 5 different amounts of substrate that we used in combination with the buffer and the amount of enzyme used. The results of our experiment can be found by comparing the reaction rates for each trial. These rates are actually the slopes of the lines that were graphed during each reaction see graphs. As is shown in the table, the rates gradually decreased as the amount of substrate decreased. Our research question evolved into, �is there a relationship between the amount of substrate and the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction?� since the results showed a decrease in rate as the amount if substrate decreased we can conclude that there is a relationship between the two. In other words, a higher concentration of substrate will yield an increase in the rate of the reaction. Since this reaction was between an enzyme, peroxidase, and a substrate some generalizations can be made.

In this case the catalyst was the chicken liver, which contained the enzyme peroxidase. Every reaction has an activation energy, which is the amount of energy needed to make the reaction happen. Molecules with higher kinetic energy can match the activation energy and actually proceed with the reaction, but not all molecules have enough energy to do this.

The enzyme lowers the activation energy required for the reaction by allowing the molecules to take its path as an alternate because it has a lower activation energy. If the reaction has a lower activation energy then more molecules will be able to have enough kinetic energy to proceed with the reaction. What happened during our experiment is that we kept the amount or concentration of catalyst constant and varied the concentration of the substrate.

Our results showed that the reaction rate and concentration of substrate are proportional. A reaction is the change of the substrate into a new and different thing, called the product. The collision theory states that reactions happen as molecules collide, but they must collide at the correct orientation so that the activation sites on the molecules will match up.

If you can increase the number of molecules in a reaction, you will also increase the chances of having the molecules collide. When we increased the concentration of substrate we increased the number of molecules, and thereby increasing the chances of the molecules colliding. So increasing the concentration of the substrate increased the rate of the reaction. Our group�s plan was to take four trials of every different concentration of substrate see table. We had a difficult time manipulating the equipment and knew so when we kept getting drastically different data for the same concentration. We disregarded this data, realizing that the temperature of the enzyme had to be stabilized. Once we regulated this and got a handle on the equipment our data began to make more sense.

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Unfortunately, the amount of time we spent working out these problems was time away from our data collection. This always makes the data less reliable because we only have one trial for each concentration on which to base our conclusions. Our graphs provide us with proof that there was some error in our data collection methods. Those two trials had graphs that were not linear, which made the slopes of those lines contrary to the trend of the rest of the data. We accounted for this by focusing on a linear portion of those lines and recalculated their slopes. If we could repeat this experiment i am sure that we would have a more valid set of data. The computer and lab equipment would be more familiar to us, and we would have more time to take multiple trials of the data.

ϻ�identification of unknown report abstract: the purpose of this lab was to determine the identity of an unknown bacteria slant culture. The unknown was identified using differential tests to determine its metabolic and morphology characteristics. ϻ�lab practical one report unknown bacteria staining gram acid fast spore the first practical for microbiology was staining of an unknown bacteria. Professor goode provided an unlabeled bacteria in which each individual were to conduct gram, acid fast, and spore staining tests from memory. enzymes lab report inroduction in this lab we explore an enzymes activity and how it can be affected by changes to its environment.

It helps accelerate reactions by lowering the activation energy, which is needed for reactions in cells. Biology lab report unit 7: enzymes general enzymes are protein that acts as catalyst, lowering the activation energy need for reactions to progress in cells. We studied the activity of an enzyme that is found in fruits and vegetables called catecholase or catechol oxidase. Catechol oxidase is the enzyme in fruits and vegetables that turns them that undesirable. Introduction enzymes are proteins that speed up many chemical reactions in cells.