Cost Accounting Term Papers Text

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Integrated professional competence course cost accounting and financial management the institute of chartered accountants of india set up by an act of parliament new delhi cost accounting and financial management board of studies the institute of chartered accountants of india this study material has been prepared by the faculty of the board of studies. The objective of the study material is to provide teaching material to the students to enable them to obtain knowledge and skills in the subject. Students should also supplement their study by reference to the recommended text books. In case students need any clarifications or have any suggestions to make for further improvement of the material contained herein, they may write to the director of studies. All care has been taken to provide interpretations and discussions in a manner useful for the students. However, the study material has not been specifically discussed by the council of the institute or any of its committees and the views expressed herein may not be taken to necessarily represent the views of the council or any of its committees. Permission of the institute is essential for reproduction of any portion of this material.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. W.icai.org [email protected] 978 81 8441 132 4 the publication department on behalf of ca. Devarajan, additional director of studies sg , the institute of chartered accountants of india, a 94/4, sector –58, noida 201 301, india. January, 2010 / 15,0 copies budgets: we have home budgets but unless you are that different, i can't make it work. in your business or in your personal life, how have you seen budgets workout. Respond to two class members regarding something in their response that surprised you or for which you want to share with them a similar experience and have a reference or citation for it, include it. In the light of the core value of integrity, consider management’s responsibility when it comes to estimates in the creation of budgets.

Discuss controls/ procedures that may be put in place to prevent misrepresentation of these estimates. 1, in ethics, integrity is regarded as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of one's action. The misstatements in budgets may mislead the top management about the true profit potential of the company, which leads to inefficient resource planning and allocation and poor coordination of activities across different parts of the company. When the difference between budget amounts and actual results are used to evaluate performances, management may underestimate budget revenues, or overestimate budget costs to make budget targets more easily achievable. Another incentive management has to misrepresent the estimates is related to bonus.

Some plant managers understate the productivity potential of their plant to increase the likelihood of meeting next year's production bonus targets. To prevent such misrepresentation of these estimates, companies may use budgets primarily for planning purpose, but not evaluation purpose. To prevent manager from understating the productivity, companies can base part of the manager's bonus on his plant's productivity in comparison with other benchmark plants. Autor: anton bull july 20, 2011 bull 1,345 words 6 pages bull 569 views previously, cost accounting was considered to be a technique for the ascertainment of costs of products or services on the basis of historical data. In time, due to the competitive nature of the market, it was realized that ascertaining of cost is not as important as controlling costs. Cost accounting started to be considered more as a technique for cost control as compared to cost ascertainment.

Due to the technological developments in all fields, cost reduction has also come within the ambit of cost accounting. Cost accounting is, thus, concerned with recording, classifying and summarizing costs for determination of costs of products or services, planning, controlling and reducing such costs and furnishing of information to management for decision making. Cost accounting is concerned with cost and therefore is necessary to understand the meaning of term cost in a proper perspective. In general, cost means the amount of expenditure actual or notional incurred on, or attributable to a given thing. Its interpretation depends upon the following factors: ð²ð‚ñž the nature of business or industry ð²ð‚ñž the context in which it is used 1.

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Fixed, variable and semi variable costs the cost which varies directly in proportion with every increase or decrease in the volume of output or production is known as variable cost. Some of its examples are as follows: ð²ð‚ñž cost of direct material the cost which does not vary but remains constant within a given period of time and a range of activity in spite of the fluctuations in production is known as fixed cost. Some of its examples are as follows: the cost which does not vary proportionately but simultaneously does not remain stationary at all times is known as semi variable cost. Some of its examples are as follows: fixed costs are sometimes referred to as ð²ð‚ñšperiod costsð²ð‚ñœ and variable costs as ð²ð‚ñšdirect costsð²ð‚ñœ in system of direct costing.

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Fixed costs can be further classified into: ð²ð‚ñž discretionary fixed costs committed fixed costs consist largely of those fixed costs that arise from the possession of plant, equipment and a basic organization structure. For example, once a building is erected and a plant is installed, nothing much can be done to reduce the costs such as depreciation, property taxes, insurance and salaries of the key personnel etc. Without impairing an organizationð²ð‚™s competence to meet the long term goals.

Discretionary fixed costs are those which are set at fixed amount for specific time periods by the management in budgeting process. These costs directly reflect the top management policies and have no particular relationship with volume of output. These costs can, therefore, be reduced or entirely eliminated as demanded by the circumstances. Examples of such costs are research and development costs, advertising and sales promotion costs, donations, management consulting fees etc.

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In some circumstances, variable costs are classified into the following: the term discretionary cost is generally linked with the class of fixed cost. However, in the circumstances where management has predetermined that the organization would spend a certain percentage of its sales for the items like research, donations, sales promotion etc. Engineered variable costs are those variable costs which are directly related to the production or sales level. These costs exist in those circumstances where specific relationship exists between input and output. For example, in an automobile industry there may be exact specifications as one radiator, two fan belts one battery etc.

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In a case where more than one car is to be produced, various inputs will have to be increased in the direct proportion of the output. Thus, an increase in discretionary variable costs is due to the authorization of management whereas an increase in engineered variable costs is due to the volume of output or sales. The expenses incurred on material and labor which are economically and easily traceable for a product, service or job is considered as direct costs. In the process of manufacturing of production of articles, materials are purchased, laborers are employed and the wages are paid to them. All of these take an active and direct part all papers on file are only $ 9.95 /page. adam smith 146 s the money game : a 5 page essay on adam smith's the money game discussing the relevance of smith's assertions to changes occurring in the former soviet union after its collapse. The writer examines in light of the book whether stock markets and capitalism can exist and benefit all the people rather than exploit the many for the benefit of the few.

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